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Posted: August 29, 2008T-00:00LiftoffThe Delta 2 rocket’s main engine and twin vernier steering thrusters are started moments before launch. The four strap-on solid rocket motors are ignited at T-0 to begin the mission.T+01:04.0SRB BurnoutThe ground-start Alliant TechSystems-built solid rocket motors consume all their propellant and burn out.T+01:22.5Jettison SRBsThe spent solid rocket boosters are jettisoned to fall into the Pacific Ocean. The spent casings remained attached until the vehicle passed into preset drop zone, clear of offshore oil platforms.T+01:25.0Begin Dog-legAfter initially flying from Vandenberg along a 196-degree flight azimuth, the rocket begins steering itself to obtain the desired orbital inclination. This dog-leg maneuver continues for 35 seconds.T+04:24.0Main Engine CutoffAfter consuming its RP-1 fuel and liquid oxygen, the Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne RS-27A first stage main engine is shut down. The vernier engines cut off moments later.T+04:32.0Stage SeparationThe Delta rocket’s first stage is separated now, having completed its job. The spent stage will fall into the Pacific Ocean.T+04:37.5Second Stage IgnitionWith the stage jettisoned, the rocket’s second stage takes over. The Aerojet AJ118-K liquid-fueled engine ignites for the first of two firings needed to place the GeoEye 1 spacecraft into the proper orbit.T+04:41.5Jettison Payload FairingThe 10-foot diameter payload fairing that protected the GeoEye 1 cargo atop the Delta 2 during the atmospheric ascent is jettisoned is two halves.T+11:25.1Second Stage Cutoff 1The second stage engine shuts down to complete its first firing of the launch. The rocket and attached spacecraft are now in a long coast period before the second stage reignites. The orbit achieved should be 380 nautical miles at apogee, 100 miles at perigee and inclined 98.06 degrees.T+53:20.0Second Stage RestartDelta’s second stage engine reignites for a short firing to raise the orbit’s perigee.T+53:33.5Second Stage Cutoff 2The second stage shuts down after a 13.5-second burn. The orbit achieved will be 369.7 nautical miles at apogee, 365.7 miles at perigee and inclined 98.122 degrees.T+58:40.5Payload SeparationThe GeoEye 1 commercial Earth-imagery spacecraft is released from the Delta 2 rocket, completing the launch.Data source: ULA.Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Project OrionThe Orion crew exploration vehicle is NASA’s first new human spacecraft developed since the space shuttle a quarter-century earlier. The capsule is one of the key elements of returning astronauts to the Moon.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Delta 336 launch timelineSPACEFLIGHT NOW
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: June 12, 2004Cassini represents the end of an era in U.S. spacecraft and mission design, a multi-billion-dollar, multi-instrument robot with a broad science agenda requiring the efforts of more than 5,000 scientists and engineers from 17 nations. The Cassini-Huygens mission emblem. Credit: NASA/JPLPrecursor missions included the Pioneer and Voyager deep space probes, which carried out the initial reconnaissance of the outer solar system with flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1970s and 1980s. Venus, Mars and Jupiter were the focus of what amounted to NASA’s second wave of exploration with orbiters sent to each planet for long-term observations: the radar-mapping Magellan to Venus, the recently completed Galileo mission to Jupiter and multiple orbiters and landers to Mars. As initially envisioned, Cassini was part of a dual mission known as CRAF-Cassini. Both programs were to be built around the same Mariner Mark II spacecraft design to minimize costs. CRAF, or the Comet Rendezvous and Flyby Mission, was to do what its name suggested. Cassini was to explore Saturn. But the CRAF mission was cancelled in 1992 and a few months later, new NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin, author of what would become known as the “faster, better, cheaper” mission design philosophy, threatened to cancel Cassini as well, deriding the expensive spacecraft as a “Battlestar Galactica.” Cassini lifts off from Cape Canaveral atop a Titan 4B rocket. Credit: NASA-KSC”With many countries participating in this great mission, none of us could imagine Goldin taking this drastic step and damaging our country’s relationship with the Europeans,” wrote former Cassini mission manager Charles Kohlhase in an article for The Planetary Society. “To our joy, on June 14, 1994, Jean-Marie Luton (then director general of ESA) sent a powerful letter to Vice President Al Gore, with copies to the U.S. secretary of state, key office directors, and of course Dan Goldin.” The letter concluded with a paragraph that Kohlhase said saved Cassini from the budget axe: “Europe therefore views any prospect of a unilateral withdrawal from the cooperation on the part of the United States as totally unacceptable. Such an action would call into question the reliability of the U.S. as a partner in any future major scientific and technological cooperation.” European participation in upcoming NASA projects, including the agency’s flagship international space station program, was considered crucial and in the end, the Cassini project survived. When all was said and done, NASA spent $2.6 billion on the project, the European Space Agency spent $500 million and the Italian Space Agency chipped in $160 million for a total cost of about $3.26 billion. Getting to Saturn took almost as much time as it took to get the project approved and launched: 6.7 years. Because NASA did not have a rocket capable of boosting the heavyweight Cassini directly to Saturn, the spacecraft was forced to take a convoluted route, using the gravity of Venus, Earth and Jupiter to build up the velocity necessary to reach its target. The Centaur upper stage of the U.S. Air Force Titan 4B rocket that launched Cassini on Oct. 15, 1997, was used to slow the craft down so it could fall into the inner solar system. After flying by Venus on April 26, 1998, and again on June 24, 1999, Cassini streaked past Earth at an altitude of just 727 miles or so on Aug. 18, 1999. From there, the spacecraft headed for Jupiter and a final velocity boosting flyby on Dec. 30, 2000. This graphic illustrates Cassini’s long trek to Saturn. Credit: NASA/JPLWhile Cassini’s primary mission is to last four years, it has enough power and propellant to last many years beyond, should NASA choose to fund additional mission support. “We’re long overdue for a visit to the lord of the rings,” said Orlando Figueroa, director of solar system exploration at NASA headquarters. “We’re looking forward to significant science coming out of the mission and we intend to keep it alive for as long as we can. This is a flagship mission of incredible importance to solar system exploration.” Throughout its seven-year voyage to Saturn, Cassini has operated in near flawless fashion. Aside from the issue with the receiver needed to collect data from Huygens, engineers have encountered only four other problems of any significance. For reasons still not fully understood, the optics in Cassini’s narrow-angle camera clouded up after launch, producing blurry images. But by warming the optics in a carefully controlled fashion, engineers were able to clear up the problem “to the point where we think it is at least as good as it ever was before,” said program manager Bob Mitchell. Another problem involved a radio science experiment, one unrelated to the issue with the Huygens probe. A component in a Ka-band radio failed well into the mission, resulting in a loss of sensitivity for certain gravitational wave studies. Part of that research was completed before the failure and other aspects of the experiment can be conducted as originally planned. The overall impact, Mitchell said, was minimal. A third problem is a large leak in the main helium regulator used to pressurize Cassini’s propulsion system for major rocket firings. Engineers believe foreign object debris, possibly from an explosive pyrotechnic device, which was fired shortly after launch to activate the system, lodged in the regulator, preventing a valve from seating fully. Helium is used to push propellants through Cassini’s plumbing and into the main engine’s combustion chamber at a constant pressure. The regulator controls that pressurization, which is needed for long firings like the upcoming Saturn Orbit Insertion burn. In this case, Cassini’s complexity and built-in redundancy came to the rescue. By delaying the opening of a downstream latch valve to just 70 seconds or so before main engine ignition, engineers were able to work around the regulator issue with no impact to mission operations. The procedure was used for a major 88-minute Deep Space Maneuver rocket firing back in 1998 and again in late May for a six-minute burn to fine-tune the Phoebe flyby trajectory. No one expects any problems for the Saturn Orbit Insertion burn. An artist’s concept of Cassini performing an engine firing. Credit: NASA/JPLThe fourth problem, and one that has at least some potential for downstream impact to normal operations, involves Cassini’s stabilizing reaction wheels. By controlling the spin of three such wheels, oriented 120 degrees apart, flight engineers can re-orient Cassini or keep it rigidly locked on target, reducing the spacecraft’s motion to 10 times less than the movement of a clock’s hour hand. A fourth wheel can be moved into position to take over in case of problems with any one of the other three. Two years ago, engineers noticed “some chatter, some vibration” in the bearings of reaction wheel No. 3. It’s a phenomenon known as cage instability, “kind of like a rattling ball bearing in your axle bearings of your car,” said Julie Webster, lead spacecraft engineer. To be on the safe side, wheel No. 4, the spare, was spun up and No. 3 was moved into the backup position. “So now we’re operating on wheels 1, 2 and 4 and they’re operating just fine,” Mitchell said. But friction levels also are increasing, albeit very slowly, in the other wheels. “We think it’s probably pretty normal, standard behavior,” Mitchell said. “We have talked to some projects … that have used wheels like this, or similar to this, and none of them has seen this kind of a problem. But none of them had the level of instrumentation that we’ve got, either. So we suspect they probably had exactly the same phenomena occurring and they just didn’t see it.” Engineers have analyzed the telemetry from the three operating wheels and “we have extrapolated it out to well beyond end of mission and it doesn’t get even close to what the torque threshold is for our ability to spin these things,” Mitchell said. “But it’s something that we’re keeping an eye on.”MISSION PREVIEWFallen Heroes special patchThis special 12-inch embroidered patch commemorates the U.S. astronauts who made the ultimate sacrifice, honoring the crews of Apollo 1, Challenger and Columbia.Choose your store: – – – Moon RushThis book examines how the exploration of space, specifically a commercial base on the Moon and Mars would transform our economies on the Earth as surely as the discovery of the New World transformed the old world of Europe.Choose your store: – – – Apollo 11 special patchSpecial collectors’ patch marking the 35th anniversary of the historic Apollo 11 moon landing is now available.Choose your store: – – – Get inside Apollo!Full color drawings reveal like never before the details of the Apollo Command and Service Modules.Choose your store: – – – | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Follow the Huygens probe’s descent to the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan! Reload this page for the latest on the mission.SATURDAY, JANUARY 15, 2005A missing computer command – apparently the result of human error – caused the loss of half the pictures taken by Europe’s Huygens probe as it descended to the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan. But project officials said today the 350 pictures that made it back, along with high-quality data fromthe spacecraft’s other instruments and unexpected measurements by Earth-based radio telescopes, should fulfill all of the mission’s primary objectives.Read our .Also, you can see our montage of Huygens pictures showing the landing area .Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:THE NEW PICTURES PRESENTED WITH EXPERT NARRATION VIDEO:LISTEN TO SOUNDS FROM HUYGENS WITH NARRATION AUDIO:LISTEN TO SOUNDS FROM HUYGENS WITH NARRATION VIDEO:RESULTS FROM HUYGENS’ SURFACE SCIENCE PACKAGE VIDEO:CHIEF SCIENTIST EXPLAINS COMMUNICATIONS ERROR VIDEO:TODAY’S PHOTO AND SCIENCE BRIEFING AUDIO:TODAY’S PHOTO AND SCIENCE BRIEFING 2015 GMT (3:15 p.m. EST)Here is a press statement from Lockheed Martin:”After over seven years in space, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe has descended through the atmosphere of Titan, the largest of Saturn’s multitude of moons.”Pictures of Titan’s exotic environment were provided by the Descent Imager/ Spectral Radiometer (DISR), a complex instrument designed and built by Lockheed Martin for the University of Arizona and the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, with the Huygens probe in tow, was inserted into orbit around Saturn on June 30, 2004, initiating four years of orbital science investigations of the giant ringed planet and its many mysterious moons.”We couldn’t be more pleased for our colleagues at the University of Arizona, NASA and ESA as Huygens has allowed us unprecedented access to one of the most mysterious moons in the solar system,’ said James Crocker, vice president, Civil Space, at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company. ‘The superb performance of the DISR hardware and the many years of hard work by the DISR team are equally gratifying, and we’re proud to play a role in this exciting international voyage of exploration.’”As Huygens descended by parachute through Titan’s thick atmosphere, DISR made a range of imaging and spectral observations using several sensors and fields of view. The radiation balance of the atmosphere was measured by monitoring the upward and downward flow of radiation. A calculation of the size, number and density of suspended particles in the atmosphere was made possible by measuring the light intensity around the Sun. Two imagers (one visible, one infrared) observed the surface during the latter stages of the descent, and built up a mosaic of pictures around the touch down site. A side-view visible imager captured a horizontal view of the horizon and the underside of the cloud deck. The spectral measurements of the surface were enabled by a lamp that switched on shortly before touch down to augment the weak sunlight.”The study of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is one of the major goals of the Cassini/Huygens mission. Although it is believed to be too cold to support life, haze-covered Titan may preserve, in deep-freeze, many of the same chemical compounds that preceded life on Earth. The Huygens descent and touch down is the most distant descent by a robotic probe ever attempted on another object in the solar system. Over the course of the orbital mission, Cassini will have executed 45 flybys of Titan, coming as close as approximately 590 miles (950 km) above the surface.”This will permit high-resolution mapping of the moon’s surface with an imaging radar instrument, which can see through the opaque haze of Titan’s upper atmosphere.”The second largest planet in our solar system, after Jupiter, Saturn serves as a natural laboratory to better understand the formation of our Solar System five billion years ago, as the planet and its rings are a close analog to the disc of gas and dust surrounding the nascent Sun that formed the planets. Detailed knowledge of the dynamics of interactions among Saturn’s elaborate rings and numerous moons will provide valuable data for understanding how each of the solar system’s planets evolved.”The Cassini spacecraft was launched on a Lockheed Martin-built Air Force Titan IV/Centaur rocket Oct. 15, 1997. The Cassini propulsion module – also built by Lockheed Martin – is the largest U.S. planetary spacecraft propulsion system ever built, and was fired 17 times en route to Saturn, and will be ignited approximately 150 more times before the end of the mission. In addition to DISR, the Titan IV/Centaur and the propulsion system, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company designed and built the three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) that power spacecraft systems.”JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. ESA managed the development of Huygens and is in charge of operations of the probe from its control center in Darmstadt, Germany. The Italian Space Agency provided the high-gain antenna, much of the radio system and elements of several of Cassini’s science instruments. JPL manages the overall program for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.”1135 GMT (6:35 a.m. EST)Tired and weary after a sleepless night spent sorting through their data, scientists today unveiled more pictures returned from the European Space Agency’s Huygens probe that landed on Saturn’s moon Titan Friday.PHOTO: PHOTO: PHOTO: PHOTO: 1040 GMT (5:40 a.m. EST)An apparently missing command caused the loss of Huygens’ Channel A data stream during descent to Titan yesterday, prompting ESA to form an investigation into the error. The Channel B data link worked, allowing over 300 pictures and information from the probe’s instruments to be relayed up to the Cassini orbiter. With two data paths, scientists had their choice of either relaying the same set of pictures to Cassini twice for redundancy or taking two sets of pictures to maximize the potential number of images. They opted to acquire two sets of pictures, and the lack of Channel A caused half of the expected number of pictures from Huygens to be lost. The Channel A problem also resulted in the loss of data for the Doppler wind experiment between Huygens and Cassini. But ESA’s chief scientist says data from radio telescopes on Earth that were listening to the tones from Huygens should allow researchers to complete the winds experiment. FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 2005Initial pictures of Saturn’s moon Titan snapped by Europe’s Huygens probe during its historic atmospheric descent and touchdown today show an active world likely carved by the flow of cryogenic liquids that may still pool on its frigid surface, a leading planetary scientist says.Read our .Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:THE FIRST PICTURE FROM HUYGENS IS REVEALED VIDEO:OFFICIALS OFFER THOUGHTS AFTER SEEING PICTURE VIDEO:HUYGENS POST-LANDING BRIEFING AUDIO:HUYGENS POST-LANDING BRIEFING VIDEO:STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT AUDIO:MISSION STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT VIDEO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING AUDIO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:OVERVIEW OF HUYGENS PROBE’S SCIENCE OBJECTIVES VIDEO:JULY NEWS BRIEFING ON CASSINI’S PICTURES OF TITAN VIDEO:PICTURES SHOWING TITAN SURFACE FROM OCT. FLYBY VIDEO:WHAT’S KNOWN ABOUT TITAN BEFORE THE FIRST FLYBY VIDEO:NARRATED MOVIE OF CLOUDS MOVING NEAR SOUTH POLE VIDEO:OCT. BRIEFING ON RADAR IMAGES OF TITAN SURFACE 2225 GMT (5:25 p.m. EST)ESA has not released any additional pictures. Another report is scheduled for 1000 GMT (5 a.m. EST) on Saturday.2129 GMT (4:29 p.m. EST)The European Space Agency unveiled the first raw images from the Huygens Titan probe today, black-and-white pictures showing ice blocks strewn across the surface and hard-to-interpret features resembling drainage channels and, possibly, a frigid shoreline of sorts.Read our .2043 GMT (3:43 p.m. EST)An extraordinary raw picture returned from Huygens shows the view from Titan’s surface. You can see the picture .2005 GMT (3:05 p.m. EST)There was just one picture released so far. European Space Agency plans to unveil more photos about two hours from now.2002 GMT (3:02 p.m. EST)You can see the first picture . It was taken at an altitude of 16 km as Huygens made its descent.1956 GMT (2:56 p.m. EST)The first image shows what appear to be drainage channels flowing to a possible shoreline, the camera’s scientist says. The pictures are raw and unprocessed.1955 GMT (2:55 p.m. EST)The first picture from the descending Huygens probe showing the Titan surface has been revealed in mission control!1930 GMT (2:30 p.m. EST)ESA has released some quote by various officials following today’s landing on Titan:”This is a great achievement for Europe and its U.S. partners in this ambitious international endeavour to explore the Saturnian system,” said Jean-Jacques Dordain, ESA’s director general. “Titan was always the target in the Saturn system where the need for ‘ground truth’ from a probe was critical. It is a fascinating world and we are now eagerly awaiting the scientific results,” says Professor David Southwood, director of ESA’s scientific program. “The Huygens scientists are all delighted. This was worth the long wait,” says Dr Jean-Pierre Lebreton, ESA Huygens mission manager. Huygens is expected to provide the first direct and detailed sampling of Titan’s atmospheric chemistry and the first photographs of its hidden surface, and will supply a detailed ‘weather report.’One of the main reasons for sending Huygens to Titan is that its nitrogen atmosphere, rich in methane, and its surface may contain many chemicals of the kind that existed on the young Earth. Combined with the Cassini observations, Huygens will afford an unprecedented view of Saturn’s mysterious moon. “Descending through Titan was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and today’s achievement proves that our partnership with ESA was an excellent one,” says Alphonso Diaz, NASA associate administrator of science. “The teamwork in Europe and the USA, between scientists, industry and agencies has been extraordinary and has set the foundation for today’s enormous success,” concludes Jean-Jacques Dordain. 1800 GMT (1:00 p.m. EST)Robert Mitchell, NASA’s Cassini program manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., says the loss of one telemetry stream from the Huygens Titan probe appears to be the result of an actual problem of some sort on board the spacecraft.Read our .1745 GMT (12:45 p.m. EST)There will be a pause in live reports from ESA while the rest of the data is downlinked from Cassini and scientists have a chance to begin examining the mounds of information. The next event is expected after 1945 GMT (2:45 p.m. EST) with some initial science news, potentially the first pictures from Huygens. We’ll be posting them here as soon as they are released.1722 GMT (12:22 p.m. EST)NASA’s Cassini Saturn orbiter began downlinking science data from the European Space Agency’s Huygens probe at 11:19 a.m. EST (1619 GMT), confirming the spacecraft not only survived its high-speed plunge into the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon, Titan, but that its instruments worked to remotely explore one of the strangest worlds in the solar system.Read our .1706 GMT (12:06 p.m. EST)Engineers says the Channel A and Channel B data paths from Huygens are redundant with the exception that Channel A is needed for the Doppler wind experiment with the Cassini orbiter. The Channel A telemetry stream isn’t working as expected, but Channel B appears normal, ESA says.1701 GMT (12:01 p.m. EST)The temperature inside the probe was 25 degrees C as it was descending through 50 km altitude, the ongoing data review shows. 1658 GMT (11:58 a.m. EST)The probe went through the entry phase, the parachute deployment was within 15 seconds of the planned time and onboard accelerometer data worked normally, officials are saying at the news conference. The playback of data continues.1655 GMT (11:55 a.m. EST)ESA says data is being received normally on the Channel B telemetry steam. However, the Channel A has a question mark surrounding it.1645 GMT (11:45 a.m. EST)Here is a press statement from Alcatel:”The Huygens space probe has arrived on Titan. The probe was built by prime contractor Alcatel Space, a subsidiary of Alcatel, leading a consortium of 40 companies andlaboratories. Alcatel Space is the first European company to have met thechallenge of constructing a spacecraft designed to resist such draconianconditions. This is the first time that a man-made object has landed on themoon of a planet so far away in our solar system. This is also the firsttime that an European probe has successfully landed on another part of thesolar system.”The interplanetary voyage of Cassini/Huygens took seven years, and made useof successive gravity boosts from Venus (twice), the Earth and Jupiter.Huygens had to stand up to temperatures of 212 deg F near Venus, and made ablind crossing of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, then therings of Saturn. However, the technical challenge reached its zenith duringthe descent towards Titan, which lasted nearly three weeks after theseparation from the Cassini mother-craft on December 25. Followingaerodynamic braking in the upper atmosphere, then deployment of threeparachutes to control the descent, the probe landed on the surface ofTitan. Huygens is a veritable flying lab, featuring six advancedinstruments to carry out all measurements expected by the scientificcommunity.”Meanwhile, Cassini is in orbit around Saturn for its own observationmission, while relaying data from Huygens back to Earth.”The Cassini/Huygens programs was an unprecedented technical challenge,tackling aspects that had never before been studied:Major restrictions on mass and energy, given the distance to betraveled and the complex trajectory needed to reach Saturn via gravityboosts form Venus, Earth and Jupiter.Completely autonomous operation.High-precision Cassini/Huygens separation maneuvers.Thermal shield adapted to an entry into Titan’s atmosphere.Parachute deployment at supersonic speed.Sufficient robustness to stand up to unknown elements, especiallyatmospheric (furthermore, scientists have continuously changed their modelssince the knowledge of Titan was increased, which required an importanteffort to ensure successful entry).”We are especially proud of this huge success by our customer ESA, inpartnership with NASA and ASI,” said Pascale Sourisse, Chairman and CEO ofAlcatel Space. “Not only is it a world first in exploration of theuniverse, it also marks a major step forward in better understanding theorigins of life. With the Huygens mission now accomplished, we want toreaffirm our unyielding commitment to carrying out the most demandingprograms for interplanetary exploration and observation of the universe,alongside European scientists and space agencies. We hope that this missionwill pave the way to other adventures that prove to be just as exciting,both scientifically and technologically.”1635 GMT (11:35 a.m. EST)The news briefing has begun.”We have a scientific success,” ESA director general Jean-Jacques Dordain reports. “We are the first visitors of Titan.”1630 GMT (11:30 a.m. EST)We’re awaiting the start of a planned news conference. The top science officials from ESA and NASA were in the room and then left.1619 GMT (11:19 a.m. EST)The Huygens data is being received! Applause has erupted in the German control room after the tense and anxious wait. It will take some time to begin examining the information. The first pictures from Huygens could be released later today, if all has gone well. 1605 GMT (11:05 a.m. EST)Scientists, engineers and senior officials have gathered in a large crowd within the European mission control center. Everyone is nervously awaiting the first bits of data from Huygens.1545 GMT (10:45 a.m. EST)NASA’s Cassini Saturn orbiter has turned back toward Earth and started transmitting stored data from Europe’s Huygens probe, which was still broadcasting a faint carrier signal from the surface of the moon Titan more than two hours after touching down and well after Cassini had turned away.Read our .1530 GMT (10:30 a.m. EST)Scientists have another 40 minutes of suspense before the first Huygens data arrives on Earth, which will confirm probe’s transmissions to Cassini and recording aboard the orbiter has worked.1526 GMT (10:26 a.m. EST)The communications link between Cassini and Earth has been established. 1510 GMT (10:10 a.m. EST)”This is clearly an engineering success and we know the probe has been successfully entering the atmosphere, has been descending on the parachute to the surface,” said Jean-Pierre Lebreton, ESA’s Huygens project scientist.”But at this moment we cannot say more. I mean, we have not seen the data. What we have seen is a tone, a signal, which was indicating that the probe was transmitting but we have not seen any real data yet. So I would like to wait a bit more to say whether we have a successful mission or not.”The first Huygens data via the Cassini telemetry playback is expected in about an hour.1501 GMT (10:01 a.m. EST)A tone is still being emitted from Huygens and detected by radio telescopes on Earth, now more than two hours after landing. Meanwhile, Cassini has turned away from Huygens to re-point its communications antenna for relay of data to Earth. 1445 GMT (9:45 a.m. EST)Here is the press statement issued by the European Space Agency:”The Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in West Virginia, USA, a part of the global network of radio telescopes involved in tracking the Huygens Titan probe, has detected the probe’s ‘carrier’ (tone) signal.”The detection occurred between 11:20 and 11:25 CET (5:20-5:25 a.m. EST), shortly after the probe began its parachute descent through Titan’s atmosphere. The extremely feeble signal was first picked up by the Radio Science Receiver supplied by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This signal is an important indication that the Huygens probe is ‘alive’. However, it does not contain yet any substance; the latter is expected to come a few hours later via the Cassini spacecraft. “What the Green Bank radio telescope has detected is only a ‘carrier’ signal. It indicates that the back cover of Huygens must have been ejected, the main parachute must have been deployed and that the probe has begun to transmit, in other words, the probe is ‘alive’. This, however, still does not mean that any data have been acquired, nor that they have been received by Cassini. The carrier signal is sent continuously throughout the descent and as such does not contain any scientific data. It is similar to the tone signal heard in a telephone handset once the latter is picked up. “Only after having received the data packets at ESOC will it be possible to say with certainty whether data were properly acquired. The first data set from Cassini will reach ESOC in the afternoon. Additional downlinks will follow throughout the evening and night for redundancy. “Further analysis of the signals will be conducted using other three independent data acquisition systems at the Green Bank Telescope. In addition to the GBT, sixteen other radio telescopes in Australia, China, Japan and the USA are involved in tracking the Huygens probe. “The ultimate goal of the tracking experiment is to reconstruct the probe’s descent trajectory with an unprecedented accuracy of the order of one kilometre. The measurements will be conducted using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Doppler tracking techniques. This would enable studies of the dynamics of Titan’s atmosphere, which is considered to be a ‘frozen’ copy of that of the early Earth. “The VLBI component of the tracking experiment is coordinated by the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE) and ESA; the Doppler measurements are conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.”1403 GMT (9:03 a.m. EST)Huygens remains alive and sending its beeping signal from the surface — more than an hour after controllers calculate it landed. The relay of science data to Cassini concludes later this hour as the orbiter goes over the horizon from the landing site.The first science information is expected on Earth about two hours from now.1332 GMT (8:32 a.m. EST)Mission controllers say the tone from Huygens is still being received! The craft appears to have landed around 1245 or 1246 GMT (7:45 or 7:46 a.m. EST) on Titan and continues to operate from the moon’s surface.1300 GMT (8:00 a.m. EST)A huge radio telescope at Green Bank, West Virginia, was able to detect and lock onto a faint carrier signal from the Huygens Titan probe for more than two hours this morning, confirming the spacecraft’s continued descent through the moon’s atmosphere following a high-speed entry.A second radio telescope now has picked up the signal as well and Europoean Space Agency project scientist Jean-Pierre Lebreton said engineers were even able to confirm at least one of the probe’s six on-board instruments had activated as planned.Read our .1115 GMT (6:15 a.m. EST)Huygens should be continuing its long, parachute-aided fall to the surface of Titan, with the large suite of science instruments operating to study the atmosphere and obtain volumes of pictures. Huygens is doing its work out of view from mission control. Real-time confirmation that the science program is being performed is not available because the craft is sending the information directly to the Cassini orbiter, which itself has turned away from Earth to receive the Huygens data.Earlier, controllers heard a simple tone emitted from Huygens that did announce the craft was at least alive.A news conference is coming up at 1230 GMT (7:30 a.m. EST). Cassini will resume communications with Earth about three hours later, and the data playback will continue for several hours.1033 GMT (5:33 a.m. EST)SIGNAL FROM HUYGENS! A radio telescope on Earth has detected a faint signal from the descending Huygens spacecraft, confirming the probe is alive, has survived its super-hot entry into the atmosphere and should be carrying out its scientific exploration on the way to the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan.This is just a signal with no actual data included. The data is being relayed to the Cassini orbit and will be played to Earth later today.Nonetheless, the fact that a signal has been received to verify that Huygens is functioning prompted screams and cheers in mission control.THURSDAY, JANUARY 13, 2005The European Space Agency’s Huygens probe, closing in on Saturn’s mysterious moon Titan, is racing toward a dramatic, high-speed plunge into the moon’s thick nitrogen atmosphere early Friday for a long-awaited parachute descent to an enigmatic surface.Released from NASA’s Cassini Saturn orbiter on Christmas Eve, the flying saucer-shaped probe is targeted to slam into Titan’s atmosphere at a velocity of 12,400 mph at 5:13 a.m. EST (1013 GMT).Over the next three to four minutes, the 705-pound probe is expected to endure peak heating of nearly 3,500 degrees and a braking force of some 16 Gs, slowing the craft to a more sedate 895 mph. At that point – 5:17 a.m. – the probe should release a small 8.5-foot pilot chute that will pull away a protective rear cover.Just 2.5 seconds later, the craft’s 27.2-foot-wide main parachute will unfurl. For the first time since pre-release tests, an on-board radio will begin transmitting data to Cassini around 5:18 a.m. as the NASA spacecraft streaks past Titan some 37,000 miles away.Huygens is expected to reach the surface of Titan around 7:31 a.m. But with its main antenna pointed toward the landing zone, Cassini will be out of contact with Earth, leaving anxious engineers and scientists in the dark until the NASA craft turns back toward Earth and begins transmitting recorded data around 10:17 a.m. That’s nearly three hours after Huygens touches down.Read our .WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2005In one of the boldest space missions ever attempted, a small European-built probe will slam into the atmosphere of Saturn’s mysterious moon Titan Friday for a two-and-a-half hour parachute descent to its smog-shrouded surface.Beaming pictures and a torrent of data to NASA’s Cassini Saturn orbiter, the flying saucer-shaped Huygens probe will give scientists their first close-up look at one of the largest expanses of unexplored territory in the solar system.Researchers are hopeful Huygens will answer their most pressing questions: whether hydrocarbons fall like rain and form pools of liquid ethane and similar compounds on the moon’s frigid surface; and what erosional or depositional processes are responsible for covering up impact craters and producing a relatively flat, mountain-free surface.No matter what Huygens actually sees on the surface, scientists expect to gain insights into the workings of a thick, complex atmosphere that in some respects mirrors Earth’s shortly after the planet’s birth.Read our .Read our earlier coverage.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Music rings of Saturn CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: September 29, 2004 Looking something like the fibrous bow of a violin, Saturn’s colorful rings sweep through this spectacular natural color view while two small moons look on. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version From left, the moons visible here are Janus (181 kilometers, or 112 miles across) and Mimas (398 kilometers, or 247 miles across). Cassini’s view in this image is from beneath the ring plane; the moons are on the far side of Saturn. Janus leads Mimas as the two moons orbit the planet. Nearly the entire ring system can be seen in this view. The diaphanous C ring appears at the upper right, followed by the multi-hued B ring. Next, the famous Cassini division (4,800 kilometers, or 2,980 miles wide) separates the A and B rings. The outer edge of the B ring which forms the inner boundary of the Cassini division is maintained by a gravitational resonance with Mimas. Near the outer edge of the A ring are the Encke Gap (325 kilometers, or 202 miles wide) and the barely visible Keeler Gap (35 kilometers, or 22 miles wide). The faint, thread-like F ring is discernible just beyond the main rings. The image was obtained with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera on August 27, 2004, at a distance of 9.1 million kilometers (5.6 million miles) from Saturn. Images taken with red, green and blue filters were combined to create this color view. The moons have been enhanced in brightness to increase their visibility. The image scale is 54 kilometers (34 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Nature’s canvas at Saturn CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: November 29, 2004In a splendid portrait created by light and gravity, Saturn’s lonely moon Mimas is seen against the cool, blue-streaked backdrop of Saturn’s northern hemisphere. Delicate shadows cast by the rings arc gracefully across the planet, fading into darkness on Saturn’s night side. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version The part of the atmosphere seen here appears darker and more bluish than the warm brown and gold hues seen in Cassini images of the southern hemisphere, due to preferential scattering of blue wavelengths by the cloud-free upper atmosphere. The bright blue swath near Mimas (398 kilometers, or 247 miles across) is created by sunlight passing through the Cassini division (4,800 kilometers, or 2,980 miles wide). The rightmost part of this distinctive feature is slightly overexposed and therefore bright white in this image. Shadows of several thin ringlets within the division can be seen here as well. The dark band that stretches across the center of the image is the shadow of Saturn’s B ring, the densest of the main rings. Part of the actual Cassini division appears at the bottom, along with the A ring and the narrow, outer F ring. The A ring is transparent enough that, from this viewing angle, the atmosphere and threadlike shadows cast by the inner C ring are visible through it. Images taken with red, green and blue filters were combined to create this color view. The images were obtained with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera on Nov. 7, 2004, at a distance of 3.7 million kilometers (2.3 million miles) from Saturn. The image scale is 22 kilometers (14 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Cassini posterJust in time for the Cassini spacecraft’s arrival at Saturn, this new poster celebrates the mission to explore the ringed planet and its moons. 2005 CalendarThe 2005 edition of the Universe of the Hubble Space Telescope calendar is available from our U.S. store and will soon be available worldwide. This 12×12-inch calendar features spectacular images from the orbiting observatory.Moon panoramaTaken by Apollo 14 commander Alan Shepard, this panoramic poster shows lunar module pilot Edgar Mitchell as a brilliant Sun glare reflects off the lunar module Antares.Mars Rover mission patchA mission patch featuring NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover is now available from the Astronomy Now Store.Apollo 11 special patchSpecial collectors’ patch marking the 35th anniversary of the historic Apollo 11 moon landing is now available.Choose your store: – | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.New Cassini picture shows rings in extraordinary detail CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: December 14, 2004This fantastic close-up of Saturn’s outer C ring shows large and sharp changes in brightness across the rings, owing to the extreme variations in ring particle concentrations at different distances from the planet. The dark gap running through the center contains the Maxwell ringlet, as well as a faint, narrow ringlet discovered in Cassini images. Another very dark region to the right of the Maxwell gap is also a narrow gap. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera at a distance of about 836,000 kilometers (519,000 miles) from Saturn. The image scale is 4.6 kilometers (2.9 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.New view of Saturn’s rings and moons from Cassini CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: June 21, 2004 Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version Saturn’s magnificent rings show some of their intricate structure in this image taken on May 11, 2004, by the Cassini spacecraft’s narrow angle camera. Although they appear to be solid structures, the rings are composed of billions of individual particles, each one orbiting the planet on its own path. Satellites visible in this image: Janus (181 kilometers, or 113 miles across) above the rings, and icy Enceladus (499 kilometers, or 310 miles across) below the rings. The F ring shepherd moons Prometheus and Pandora can be seen along Saturn’s outermost F ring if the image is further contrast enhanced. The image was taken in visible light from a distance of 26.3 million kilometers (16.4 million miles) from Saturn. The image scale is 158 kilometers (98 miles) per pixel. Contrast in the image was enhanced to aid visibility. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Newest picture from Cassini shows Saturn in color CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: August 6, 2004A frigid ball of gas in the blackness of space, Cassini’s new home, Saturn, appears cool and serene in this natural color image. The spacecraft obtained this view as it sped outward from the planet on its initial orbit. At the left, Saturn’s shadow stretches almost completely across the rings, while at the right, the planet’s illuminated face appears to gaze down at the far-off Sun. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload a larger version of image Images taken through blue, green and red filters with the Cassini spacecraft wide angle camera were combined to create this view. The images were taken on July 17, 2004, from a distance of about 5.8 million kilometers (3.6 million miles) from Saturn. The Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase angle of the image is 93 degrees. The image scale is 346 kilometers (215 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Observatory watched Titan when Huygens arrived KECK OBSERVATORY NEWS RELEASEPosted: January 16, 2005The Huygens probe impacted Titan’s atmosphere at 0906 GMT (local time on Titan) Friday, with an expected landing on Titan’s mysterious surface three hours later. This near-infrared image shows Titan at the moment Huygens reached its target. Near-infrared surface image of Titan captured with Keck adaptive optics system moments after the Huygens probe reached its target. The bright and dark patterns on Titan’s surface may be regions of solid ice and of liquid hydrocarbons. Credit: W. M. Keck Observatory”Although no disturbances in Titan’s atmosphere were detected, the observations provide the best images that characterize the satellite at the moment of probe entry”, says Antonin Bouchez, a staff member at the Keck observatory, who was leading the observing effort.”It was worth getting up in the middle of the night for this historic moment”, says Fred Chaffee, director of the Keck Observatory, “despite the bad weather on the mountain”. Winds were blowing at 40-50 mph, while the mountain top itself was still cloaked with snow and ice from a recent storm. Other team members that particpated in the observations were David LeMignant from the Keck Observatory, Imke de Pater, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and Michael Brown, a professor at Caltech.Titan is of particular interest to scientists because it is the only moon in our solar system with a dense, methane-rich, nitrogen atmosphere, reminiscent of our own atmosphere here on Earth. The moon is cloaked in a thick, smog-like haze produced by the breakup of methane by sunlight. Further study of this moon could provide clues to planetary formation and evolution and, perhaps, about the early days of Earth as well. To get a closer look at Titan, scientists from three different international space agencies developed the Cassini-Huygens mission, a spacecraft orbiter that arrived in Saturn’s orbit in July 2004 after a seven-year voyage. The four-year mission will include 70 orbits around the ringed planet with an array of instruments to study the planet, its rings and its 30 known moons.The Huygen’s probe detached from Cassini on Christmas Eve, Dec. 24th, 2004. The probe has since been falling to Titan and entered the atmosphere shortly after midnight, local time on Friday morning (0906 GMT) January 14, 2005. Three sets of parachutes were to slow the probe and to provide a stable platform for scientific measurements. Instruments on board will collect information about the atmosphere’s chemical composition and the clouds surrounding Titan during its 2-2.5 hour descent. The data will be radioed to the Cassini orbiter, which will then relay the data to Earth.Near-infrared images were taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory with the near infrared camera, NIRC2, and the adaptive optics system at the time of probe entry. The team had planned imaging sequences to look for thermal emissions or condensates at the probe entry site. Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:NEW PICTURES PRESENTED WITH EXPERT NARRATION VIDEO:LISTEN TO SOUNDS FROM HUYGENS WITH NARRATION AUDIO:LISTEN TO SOUNDS FROM HUYGENS WITH NARRATION VIDEO:RESULTS FROM HUYGENS’ SURFACE SCIENCE PACKAGE VIDEO:CHIEF SCIENTIST EXPLAINS COMMUNICATIONS ERROR VIDEO:SATURDAY PHOTO & SCIENCE BRIEFING AUDIO:SATURDAY PHOTO & SCIENCE BRIEFING VIDEO:THE FIRST PICTURE FROM HUYGENS IS REVEALED VIDEO:HUYGENS POST-LANDING NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT AUDIO:MISSION STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT VIDEO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING AUDIO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:OVERVIEW OF HUYGENS PROBE’S SCIENCE OBJECTIVES VIDEO:JULY NEWS BRIEFING ON CASSINI’S PICTURES OF TITAN VIDEO:PICTURES SHOWING TITAN SURFACE FROM OCT. FLYBY VIDEO:WHAT’S KNOWN ABOUT TITAN BEFORE THE FIRST FLYBY VIDEO:NARRATED MOVIE OF CLOUDS MOVING NEAR SOUTH POLE VIDEO:OCT. BRIEFING ON RADAR IMAGES OF TITAN SURFACE Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Odd-looking moon Mimas photographed by Cassini CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: July 26, 2004Soon after orbital insertion, Cassini returned its best look yet at heavily cratered Mimas (398 kilometers, 247 miles across). The enormous crater at the top of this image, named Herschel, is about 130 kilometers (80 miles) wide and 10 kilometers (6 miles) deep. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteThe image was taken in visible light with the narrow angle camera on July 3, 2004, from a distance of 1.7 million kilometers (1 million miles) from Mimas and at a Sun-Mimas-spacecraft, or phase, angle of about 102 degrees. The image scale is 10 kilometers (6 miles) per pixel. It has been magnified here by a factor of 2 to aid visibility.The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.One of Huygens’ two data routes not working BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
Mens Air Max 2013

By precisely measuring the distance between the two spacecraft as they orbit the moon — and thus the subtle effects of the moon’s gravity as they sail over visible and sub-surface geologic structures — scientists will be able to determine the nature of the moon’s enigmatic core and perhaps confirm or refute theories about how the moon formed some 4.5 billion years ago.”There have been many missions that have gone to the moon, orbited the moon, landed on the moon, brought back samples of the moon,” said Maria Zuber, principal investigator of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory — GRAIL — mission. “But the missing piece of the puzzle in trying to understand the moon is what the deep interior is like.”Is there a core? How did the core form? How did the interior convect? What are the impact basins on the near-side flooded with magma and give us this man-in-the-moon shape whereas the back side of the moon doesn’t have any of this? These are all mysteries that despite the fact we’ve studied the moon before, we don’t understand how that has happened. GRAIL is a mission that is going to tell us that.”It also may help inspire school kids to take more of an interest in science. Each satellite is equipped with four cameras sponsored by former shuttle astronaut Sally Ride’s science education company that can be used by students around the world to photograph the lunar surface.”While GRAIL is performing its gravitational experiments, MoonKam will serve as eyes on the moon for Earth’s students,” said Leesa Hubbard, teacher in residence with Sally Ride Science. “And how they will do that is through the use of these cameras.”This program is available at no cost to schools, and students are going to be able to take their very own photos. This is what’s going to make the difference. We know there are lots of images of the moon out there, but this gives students their own ownership of that.”High winds aloft forced the NASA launch team to pass up two one-second launch windows Thursday and concern about a heater that ran longer than expected during detanking prompted another 24-hour slip.More high winds Saturday forced NASA to pass up the first of two more “instantaneous” launch windows, but a final weather balloon showed conditions were acceptable and at 9:08:52 a.m. EDT (GMT-4), the Delta 2 roared to life and vaulted away from complex 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.It was the 110th and final planned flight of a Delta 2 from Cape Canaveral and while ULA has enough hardware on hand to build a final five medium-lift Delta 2s, any future flights of the workhorse rocket almost certainly will be launched from the West Coast.As such, the GRAIL launch marked the end of an era after more than 22 years of memorable Delta 2 flights, including 49 Global Positioning System navigation satellites and all of NASA’s recent Mars missions, including the enormously successful Spirit and Opportunity rovers.Photo credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight Now Saturday’s launching was virtually flawless and one hour and 20 minutes after liftoff, the GRAIL-A satellite was released from the Delta 2′s second stage, followed a few minutes later by GRAIL-B. Both spacecraft will follow looping 2.6-million-mile trajectories to the moon, a low-energy approach that allowed the use of a less expensive, medium-lift rocket.”If you leave Earth and go barreling to the moon, you need a lot of fuel to slow down (and get into lunar orbit),” said Zuber. “We (wanted) to use small spacecraft with small fuel tanks.”So as a consequence of that, we use something called a low-energy trajectory where we go out to a point called the Earth-sun Lagrange point (a million miles from Earth). So we take three-and-a-half to four months to get the moon. In addition to saving fuel, what this allows to happen is these two spacecraft will arrive at the Moon on the same day no matter what day in the launch window we launch.”The round-about journey also will allow time for the GRAIL spacecraft to “outgas,” or lose trapped particles that might otherwise impart a small but measurable force on the satellites later that could be confused for gravitational effects.The flight plan calls for the GRAIL-A spacecraft to brake into an elliptical 11.5-hour orbit around the moon’s poles on New Year’s Eve with GRAIL-B following the next day. Over the next two months, flight controllers will carefully maneuver the two satellites into the same circular orbit at an altitude of about 34 miles.If all goes well, science operations will begin around March 8. Flying in formation at distances ranging from about 46 to 140 miles, the two spacecraft will send radio pulses and timing signals back and forth to precisely measure the distance between them.Sailing over buried mass concentrations, craters, mountain ranges, basins and other geologic features, the satellites will ever so slightly speed up and slow down, one after the other. The ranging system is accurate enough to detect differences of as little as one micron, or the width of a red blood cell.By carefully analyzing those changes, scientists can determine the distribution of mass within the moon to gain insights into its hidden interior structure and the nature of its core.”Grail, simply put, is a journey to the center of the moon,” said Ed Weiler, NASA’s associate administrator of space science. “It will probe the interior of the moon and map its gravity field 100 to 1,000 times better than ever before. We will learn more about the interior of the moon with GRAIL than all previous lunar missions combined.”The satellites “will monitor the distance between each other and as the first satellite goes over a higher mass concentration, or higher gravity, it will speed up slightly. And that will increase the distance. Then as the second satellite goes over, that distance will close again. That’s how it actually maps the gravitational field of the moon and it’ll do that over the course of three months. And it’ll do a complete map three times over those three months.”The altitude and separation distance will be based on the size of features scientists plan to target.”The separation distance is what we call tuning for what wavelength gravity field you’re after,” said Sami Asmar, GRAIL deputy project scientist. “So if you want to see, gravitationally small features, craters, mountains, you want to be close to each other and low. But if you want to see global features, such as the core of the moon that we’re after, then you want to be high and separate from each other.”The three-month science mission is sandwiched between eclipses in December and June. The solar-powered satellites are not expected to survive the latter and flight controllers expect the spacecraft will lose power and eventually crash.But by that point, GRAIL’s mission will be complete, and the results are expected to be a giant leap for lunar research. A major objective is to confirm or rule out theories about the moon’s formation and evolution and, by extension, improve understanding of the early histories of other terrestrial planets.”We’ve used gravity science before to try to gain some insight as to what’s going on inside the moon,” said Asmar. “However, these have been very primitive attempts compared to what GRAIL will be able to accomplish. If those previous attempts could be likened to a magnifying glass, GRAIL, by contrast, would be a high-powered microscope.”Researchers believe the moon formed at the dawn of the solar system when a Mars-size planet crashed into Earth, blowing off a huge amount of material that later coalesced to form the satellite we see today.Recent computer simulations suggest a second body, about a third the size of the moon, may have bumped into the still-forming world and stuck in place, explaining the rugged terrain seen on the moon’s far side and the lack of magma-filled basins like those visible on the near side.The nature of the core is a major factor in the moon’s evolution. Based on previous missions and on-going Earth-based observations, scientists believe the moon has a solid inner core, possibly surrounded by a liquid layer, a thick mantle and a relatively thin crust. But proving that is another matter.”We actually don’t have direct evidence that the moon is made up this way,” Asmar said. “So we’re trying to answer the core question. … If there’s a liquid layer, it becomes a lubricant between two solid pieces and allows them independent motion. We can detect that by time-varying gravity, basically how the gravity field changes by a function of time.”Along with shedding light on the moon’s history, GRAIL also will help future spacecraft avoid unseen pitfalls.”Knowing the gravity field will allow future landed assets, manned, unmanned, to do that much more safely,” Asmar said. “Sometimes below the surface there are mass concentrations. When you look at the topography, it looks flat and you’d think the gravity is average, but there’s actually an embedded object beneath surface that would pull the landed asset and destroy it if it’s not well understood in advance.”Said Zuber: “On the moon, after GRAIL … if you want to land right next to a particular outcrop, you’re going to be able to do it. There will be no reason to do another gravity experiment to the moon in any of our lifetimes. If there’s a particular sample return that we want to do, a particular reconnaissance in a particular area of the moon, you will be able to go exactly there and get it done.”Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:THE FULL LAUNCH EXPERIENCE VIDEO:ONBOARD ROCKET CAMERA: GRAIL-A DEPLOYED VIDEO:ONBOARD ROCKET CAMERA: GRAIL-B DEPLOYED VIDEO:POST-LAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:GRAIL LAUNCH AS SEEN LIVE! VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD 17A CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD 17B CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: BACKSIDE CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: NORTHSIDE CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: JETTY PARK VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PATRICK AFB VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PRESS SITE 1 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: KSC TRACKER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: TRIDENT BLUFF VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: UCS 23 TRACKER VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS OF HISTORIC COMPLEX 17 VIDEO:FIRST LAUNCH ATTEMPT IS SCRUBBED VIDEO:MOBILE SERVICE GANTRY ROLLED BACK VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE OF TOWER RETRACTION VIDEO:GRAIL’S PRE-LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:ROCKET’S PRE-LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:GRAIL PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR INTERVIEW VIDEO:PREVIEW OF DELTA 2-HEAVY ROCKET’S ASCENT VIDEO:LEARN ABOUT GRAIL’S SCIENCE GOALS VIDEO:THE PRE-LAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:PRE-FLIGHT MISSION INTRODUCTION BRIEFING VIDEO:GRAIL’S ROADMAP TO THE MOON VIDEO:DELTA/GRAIL LAUNCH ANIMATION VIDEO:GRAIL LUNAR MAPPING ANIMATION VIDEO:HOW GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE VIDEO:DELTA ROCKET’S NOSE CONE INSTALLED VIDEO:GRAIL MOVES TO ROCKET’S LAUNCH PAD VIDEO:SECOND SATELLITE PUT ON LAUNCH DEPLOYER VIDEO:FIRST SATELLITE PUT ON LAUNCH DISPENSER VIDEO:SOLAR ARRAYS UNFURLED FOR CHECK VIDEO:SATELLITES READY TO START TESTING VIDEO:UNBOXING THE SPACECRAFT AT ASTROTECH VIDEO:SATELLITES UNLOADED FROM TRANSPORT PLANE VIDEO:GRAIL SPACECRAFT TOUCH DOWN IN FLORIDA VIDEO:ROCKET’S SECOND STAGE INSTALLED VIDEO:SECOND STAGE CARTED TO COMPLEX 17 VIDEO:SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS ATTACHED VIDEO:READYING THE FIRST SET OF BOOSTERS VIDEO:ON-PAD ASSEMBLY OF ROCKET UNDERWAY VIDEO:GANTRY HOISTS FIRST STAGE VERTICALLY VIDEO:FIRST STAGE ARRIVES AT THE PAD STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.STS-133 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Discovery is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-133. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Spaceflight Now +Subscribe to Spaceflight Now Plus for access to our extensive video collections!Delta 4-Heavy launchThe first operational Delta 4-Heavy rocket launches the final Defense Support Program missile warning satellite for the Air Force.STS-76: In reviewThe STS-76 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that launched Shannon Lucid to the Russian space station Mir.STS-75: In reviewThe STS-75 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that saw the tethered satellite suddenly break free from the shuttle.STS-72: In reviewThe STS-72 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that retrieved a Japanese satellite.STS-122: In reviewThe STS-122 crew narrates highlights from its mission that delivered Europe’s Columbus module to the space station.STS-100: In reviewThe STS-100 astronauts narrate highlights from the April 2001 mission that installed the station’s Canadian robot arm.STS-102: In reviewThe STS-102 astronauts narrate highlights from the March 2001 mission that conducted the first ISS resident crew exchange.Launching on the shuttleVideo cameras on the boosters and tank, plus a cockpit camera show what the shuttle and its astronauts experience during the trek to space.Spaceflight Now +Subscribe to Spaceflight Now Plus for access to our extensive video collections!Delta 4-Heavy launchThe first operational Delta 4-Heavy rocket launches the final Defense Support Program missile warning satellite for the Air Force.STS-76: In reviewThe STS-76 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that launched Shannon Lucid to the Russian space station Mir.STS-75: In reviewThe STS-75 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that saw the tethered satellite suddenly break free from the shuttle.STS-72: In reviewThe STS-72 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that retrieved a Japanese satellite.STS-122: In reviewThe STS-122 crew narrates highlights from its mission that delivered Europe’s Columbus module to the space station.STS-100: In reviewThe STS-100 astronauts narrate highlights from the April 2001 mission that installed the station’s Canadian robot arm.STS-102: In reviewThe STS-102 astronauts narrate highlights from the March 2001 mission that conducted the first ISS resident crew exchange.STS-123 landingShuttle Endeavour returned from space with a night landing March 26 at Kennedy Space Center.STS-123 day 1 highlightsThe highlights from shuttle Endeavour’s launch day are packaged into this movie.Launching on the shuttleVideo cameras on the boosters and tank, plus a cockpit camera show what the shuttle and its astronauts experience during the trek to space. STS-120: In reviewThe STS-120 crew narrates highlights from its mission that delivered the station’s Harmony module and moved the P6 power truss.Spaceflight Now +Subscribe to Spaceflight Now Plus for access to our extensive video collections!Delta 4-Heavy launchThe first operational Delta 4-Heavy rocket launches the final Defense Support Program missile warning satellite for the Air Force.STS-76: In reviewThe STS-76 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that launched Shannon Lucid to the Russian space station Mir.STS-75: In reviewThe STS-75 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that saw the tethered satellite suddenly break free from the shuttle.STS-72: In reviewThe STS-72 astronauts narrate highlights from the 1996 mission that retrieved a Japanese satellite.STS-122: In reviewThe STS-122 crew narrates highlights from its mission that delivered Europe’s Columbus module to the space station.STS-100: In reviewThe STS-100 astronauts narrate highlights from the April 2001 mission that installed the station’s Canadian robot arm.STS-102: In reviewThe STS-102 astronauts narrate highlights from the March 2001 mission that conducted the first ISS resident crew exchange.STS-123 landingShuttle Endeavour returned from space with a night landing March 26 at Kennedy Space Center.STS-123 day 1 highlightsThe highlights from shuttle Endeavour’s launch day are packaged into this movie.Launching on the shuttleVideo cameras on the boosters and tank, plus a cockpit camera show what the shuttle and its astronauts experience during the trek to space. STS-120: In reviewThe STS-120 crew narrates highlights from its mission that delivered the station’s Harmony module and moved the P6 power truss.Gallery: Debut launch of Delta 4-Heavy rocket Posted: December 21, 2004 The Boeing Delta 4-Heavy rocket launches from Cape Canaveral on its test flight. Credit: Gene Blevins/LA Daily NewsAres 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Gallery: Launch of GPS 2R-15The Boeing Delta 2 rocket launches from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station’s pad 17A at 2:50 p.m. September 25 carrying the GPS 2R-15 navigation satellite.Photo credit: Carleton Bailie for The Boeing Company Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:DELTA ROCKET LIFTS OFF WITH GPS 2R-15 VIDEO:LAUNCH AS SEEN FROM PRESS SITE VIDEO:MORNING PAD TOWER ROLLBACK Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Gallery: Launch of GPS 2R-16The first two images below were taken by sound-activated cameras at pad 17A. The other photos were taken from Kennedy Space Center’s space shuttle press site. Photo credit: U.S. Air Force Photo credit: U.S. Air Force Photo credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight Now Our view of the launch from inside the Spaceflight Now office at Kennedy Space Center. Photo credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight Now Photo credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight NowVideo coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:THE DELTA 2 ROCKET LIFTS OFF WITH GPS 2R-16 VIDEO:WIDE-SCREEN LAUNCH MOVIE FROM PRESS SITE VIDEO:WEDNESDAY’S PRE-LAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:GPS SATELLITE ANIMATION VIDEO:MOST RECENT GPS LAUNCH FROM SEPT. 25 Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Project OrionThe Orion crew exploration vehicle is NASA’s first new human spacecraft developed since the space shuttle a quarter-century earlier. The capsule is one of the key elements of returning astronauts to the Moon.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Gallery: Photographers set up launch pad cameras Posted: December 11, 2004 Photographers hurry to set up their sound-activated cameras around launch pad 37B before dawn December 11 as the countdown entered its final hours to liftoff of the Delta 4-Heavy rocket. Aviation Week photographer Bill Hartenstein is seen here putting out one of his six cameras. Photos: Gene Blevins/LA Daily NewsAres 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.SFN+ Hi-DefExperience the space program like never before in stunning high definition video!LRO and LCROSSNASA’s new lunar orbiter and impactor experiment are being prepped for launch in May.Delta 4 and GOES OA Delta 4 rocket has rolled out to launch a new geostationary weather satellite.Current shuttle videoShuttle Discovery is being prepped for its STS-119 mission planned to launch in February.Shuttle mission STS-126High definition from orbit! New clips from Endeavour’s mission to the space station.From the vaultHistorical footage from the early days of the space program.Shuttle mission STS-124High definition footage of Discovery’s launch and landing on a mission to deliver Japan’s science lab to the space station.The GLAST launchThe countdown and launch for NASA’s GLAST gamma ray observatory.Geosynchronous orbit surveillance set to launchSPACEFLIGHT NOWPosted: July 20, 2014 CAPE CANAVERAL — Twin inspector spacecraft and a microsatellite testbed will share a Delta 4 rocket ride into space Wednesday evening from Cape Canaveral. Credit: ULA videoThe 205-foot-tall United Launch Alliance booster rocket is scheduled for liftoff at 7:03 p.m. EDT (2303 GMT) from Complex 37.The countdown begins with final preparations to retract the 33-story mobile service gantry away from the Delta 4 rocket. Once the tower is pulled back around 11 a.m. EDT, pad configuration steps will be completed before the site is cleared of all workers.Fueling, which begins in the early afternoon, is a multi-hour process will load the cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks on both stages of the rocket.Once clocks enter the last phase of the countdown at T-minus 4 minutes, the vehicle will be armed, pressurized and placed on internal battery power.In the final 15 seconds of the count, the radial outward-firing ignitors, or ROFIs, will be triggered beneath the main engine to burn away excess hydrogen and the terminal countdown sequencer rack, or TCSR, will assume control of the last 10 seconds.The main engine will begin its ignition sequence start at T-minus 5 seconds. Flowing hydrogen through the engine for cooling, the fuel will strike the ROFIs and create the trademark Delta 4 fireball. Photo credit: Walter Scriptunas II / Once the engine is up and running at full thrust, it passes a pre-planned health check and the solid strap-on boosters are commanded to light at T-0 for liftoff on 1.2 million pounds of thrust.The three swing arms will pull away as the rocket ascends from the launch pad, then executes pitch and yaw maneuvers to obtain the proper heading and minimize aerodynamic stresses on the vehicle.Delta pushes through Mach 1 in 47 seconds and the region of maximum air pressure at 59 seconds as the RS-68 main engine consumes liquid hydrogen and supercold liquid oxygen. The twin solid motors burn out at 94 seconds and jettison at 100 seconds.Approaching main engine cutoff four minutes into flight, the vehicle is burning propellants at a rate of 1,000 pounds per second. The first stage propels the Delta to 11,000 mph over 80 miles in altitude and 200 miles downrange of the launch pad before the Common Booster Core stage separates, the upper stage lights and the payload shroud jettisons.The rocket then goes into a news blackout.But the final destination: geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above the planet.It will take several hours and work by the rocket’s cryogenic upper stage to reach the high ground to deploy the two Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program, or GSSAP, satellites and release ANGELS, a microsatellite riding a ring-like adapter below the primary passengers.Together, the two different projects make up the Air Force Space Command mission No. 4, a once-classified flight until GSSAP was unveiled to the public by AFSPC commander William Shelton in February.”The GSSAP will uniquely contribute to timely and accurate orbital predictions, enhancing our knowledge of the geosynchronous orbit environment and further enabling spaceflight safety to include satellite collision avoidance. ANGELS, a microsatellite, is designed to achieve a high level of safety and experimental flexibility,” said Jim Sponnick, ULA’s vice president for Atlas and Delta programs.All three satellites were built by Orbital Sciences. Credit: ULAGSSAP will fly one satellite just below and its twin just above the geosynchronous satellite belt where spacecraft match the Earth’s rotation and appear fixed above a certain spot along the equator on the globe.”From that unique vantage point they will survey objects in the GEO belt and allow us both to track known objects and debris and to monitor potential threats that may be aimed at this critically important region,” said Douglas Loverro, deputy assistant secretary of defense for space policy, at the Department of Defense.”In short, threats can no longer hide in deep space.”It is where the U.S. military operates a number of critical communications, missile warning and reconnaissance platforms, making it key to tracking man-made objects for U.S. Strategic Command and characterizing threats in that orbit.”Up in geosynchronous orbit, 22,300 miles up in space, some of our most precious satellites fly in that orbit. The reason they’re there obviously is to be able to look down and surveil vast pieces of the Earth and also provide communications support,” said Shelton. “It is capability in existential circumstances for the United States. The President will rely on these for information that he needs and to provide communications out to the forces he needs to get to.”But because our assets in GEO are so valuable, we’ve been building additional space surveillance capability over that orbital regime in any number of ways,” said Shelton.”The electro-optical payload on GSSAP gives us very close-up neighborhood watch capability that helps prevent surprise, and that protects our assets in GEO.”In 2010, the Air Force launched the Space Based Space Surveillance satellite that flies in low-Earth orbit but can track some geosynchronous objects.”This satellite brings persistence and timeliness to our GEO coverage that isn’t available from ground-based sensors or from ground-based radars or optical sensors or from our low Earth orbiting satellites. We must continue the unique capability of SBSS and build the follow-on program to sustain the capability,” said Shelton.But adding the GSSAP will put inspectors at the geosynchronous belt itself. Credit: USAF”This neighborhood watch program will complement our ground based sensors and our SBSS by producing (space situation awareness) data from a unique perspective not achievable by sensors some 22,000 miles away,” said Shelton.”To bring all this data together we are building a new system at the Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. And the JSpOC Mission System will give us a much better capability to be proactive versus reactive in Space.”We are really data rich, but we don’t have the system that can ingest disparate data from all kinds of sensors, fuse it together, bring all source intelligence into the picture; bring things like missile defense radars into the space surveillance realm, telescopes from around the world. The JSpOC Mission System will give us that capability to do this and to do it very well in a high performance computing environment.”Shelton added that the Air Force routinely tracks about 23,000 objects on a daily basis. “There are some 500,000 objects in space, so a big traffic management problem and a big threat to fragile spacecraft,” he said.Co-passenger ANGELS is a technology testbed from the Air Force Research Laboratory. Officially called the Automated Navigation and Guidance Experiment for Local Space, the microsatellite will demonstrate autopilot space situational awareness in geosynchronous orbit. Credit: USAFANGELS, will fly above the GPS constellation but use those positioning signals to test maneuverability around the spent Delta 4 upper stage. It’s also equipped with a space situational awareness sensor payload “to evaluate techniques for detection, tracking and characterizing of space objects, as well as, attribution of actions in space,” according to the AFRL fact sheet.The launch will be the 368th for a Delta rocket, the 27th Delta 4 and the 12th to fly in the Medium+ (4,2) configuration with a pair of strap-on solid motors. For United Launch Alliance, it is the company’s 33rd flight for the Air Force and the 85th launch overall since 2006.For tips on taking pictures of the launch, see our . For details on where the best spots are to see the launch, see the .And if you will be away from your computer but would like to receive occasional updates, sign up for our to get text message updates sent to your cellphone. U.S. readers can also sign up from their phone by texting “follow spaceflightnow” to 40404. (Standard text messaging charges apply.)About the authorJustin Ray has been a reporter with Spaceflight Now since the website’s inception in November 1999. The online news service, based at Cape Canaveral, has documented U.S. and international space news with a specialty of live launch coverage.Prior to that, Justin worked for two years as an aerospace reporter at the Florida Today newspaper and its pioneering Space Online website. He began his career as an intern at Patrick Air Force Base’s public affairs office in 1996 and wrote for the Missileer base newspaper.The Ohio native has covered 134 Delta rocket launches, 94 Atlas flights, 65 space shuttle missions, 46 Pegasus launches and the entire construction of the International Space Station, plus scientific spacecraft such as the Mars rovers and Cassini. He attended college at the University of Central Florida and now resides in Viera, Florida.Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Project OrionThe Orion crew exploration vehicle is NASA’s first new human spacecraft developed since the space shuttle a quarter-century earlier. The capsule is one of the key elements of returning astronauts to the Moon.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Global weather-tracking satellite to launch mid-week SPACEFLIGHT NOWPosted: May 8, 2005Taking the pulse of our planet’s health and detecting clues needed for weather forecasts have been the chief tasks for Earth-orbiting weather observatories over the past four decades, and that legacy will be extended this week when the latest spacecraft blasts off from California. Workers install the first half of the Delta rocket’s nose cone around NOAA-N at the launch pad last week. Photo: Russ Underwood/Lockheed MartinThe NOAA-N satellite is slated for liftoff at 1022 GMT (6:22 a.m. EDT; 3:22 a.m. PDT) from Space Launch Complex-2 West at Vandenberg Air Force Base atop a Boeing-built Delta 2 rocket.”When it launches, NOAA-N will not only be our eyes above the Earth, but our eyes into the future,” said Gregory Withee, assistant administrator for the NOAA Satellite and Information Service.”Because it will strengthen our understanding about what the environment around the world is doing, not just here in the U.S., NOAA-N will bring us one step closer to truly global coverage of Earth’s complex processes,” added NOAA Administrator Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr.The 3,130-pound spacecraft — to be renamed NOAA-18 once safely in orbit — is the fourth in the current series of five Polar Operational Environmental Satellites with improved imaging and atmospheric sounding capabilities that will operate to the end of this decade. The program has a heritage that dates back to the dawn of the space program.After entering service later this summer, the Lockheed Martin-made satellite will replace an aging sister-craft, NOAA-16, launched in September 2000, ensuring an uninterrupted flow of data such as imagery, temperature measurements and atmospheric profiles that are the building blocks of weather forecasts.”Today, satellites provide more than 99 percent of the observations used in NOAA’s operational weather and climate prediction numerical model runs. Recognizing that, we can’t understate the importance of satellite data in the success of these forecast models,” said Louis Uccellini, director of the NOAA Centers for Environmental Prediction.”Since NOAA-N will be operational by late summer, it will help us to develop the outlook for the upcoming fall and winter.”The satellites also build long-term databases for climate monitoring and global change studies. “Data from NOAA’s polar-orbiting satellites are essential to the success of our weather and seasonal forecasts and El Nino and La Nina forecasts,” said Uccellini.While meteorologists use the data gathered by the craft to generate weather predictions, agricultural scientists need the information for drought management and monitoring vegetation and soil moisture, and the aviation community uses NOAA satellites to detect and track volcanic ash plumes and re-route aircraft as needed.This newest spacecraft becomes the catalyst to developing the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Withee said.”GEOSS was established by an agreement signed by 60 nations just recently, including the United States and European Commission. (The program) commits to linking existing environmental monitoring technology into one system to better predict a whole host of issues to the benefit to mankind, including weather, climate and natural catastrophe,” he said.”The challenge before us is to connect with scientific dots and technology dots an integrated, international, comprehensive Global Earth Observation System of Systems so that we have a complete picture of the global environment. NOAA satellites, including NOAA-N, will play a significant role.” This illustration depicts a NOAA polar-orbiting weather satellite in space. Photo: NASALike its predecessors, NOAA-N is fitted with the international Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System, called COSPAS-SARSAT. Over the past 23 years, spacecraft equipped to hear distress signals from emergency beacons are credited with saving almost 5,000 people in the United States, and more than 18,000 worldwide.In the first four months of 2005, NOAA said 36 people were rescued in the U.S. thanks to the vital link between the satellites and beacons carried by airplanes, boats and hikers. Last year, Alaska had the most rescues, with 37, while Florida had 36.”These beacons help save lives,” Withee said. “As temperatures get warmer, and outdoor activities increase in remote areas — where cell phones don’t work — having one of these emergency beacons is a good safety practice.”"Beacons remain one of the most reliable means of signaling a distress to search and rescue personnel,” said Lieutenant Commander Jay Dell from the Coast Guard’s Office of Search and Rescue. “The timeliness and accuracy of SARSAT alerts are extremely valuable to search and rescue planning and response.”The weather satellites detect a beacon’s transmission and alert ground controllers in Suitland, Maryland. From there, the signal is forwarded to a Rescue Coordination Center operated by the U.S. Coast Guard for maritime emergencies or the Air Force for land search and rescue situations, according to NOAA.Wednesday’s launch will mark the first NOAA weather satellite to ride a Delta 2 rocket into space. Recent spacecraft in the series flew aboard refurbished Titan 2 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles that were originally built to carry nuclear bombs.The Titans lacked the necessary thrust to deliver the satellites into their 540-mile high orbits. In fact, the Cold War relics deployed the satellites on sub-orbital trajectories, forcing the craft to carry onboard solid-fueled kick motors to generate the critical final boost to achieve orbit.”There is tremendous benefit for using the Delta 2 because the Delta 2 is a rocket that was specifically designed to deliver a satellite to orbit. That is what we are getting from the Delta 2. Previously, we launched on rockets that were trying to deliver weapons,” said Karen Halterman, NASA POES project manager at Goddard Space Flight Center.”Once we separated from the Titan, we had to have our own solid rocket motor to fly the satellite into orbit. It is risky and excessive. So we believe that the reliability of NOAA-N is much improved by going to a Delta 2, which is a very proven launch vehicle.”NOAA-N is the 119th flight of the workhorse Delta 2 rocket, which debuted in 1989. The booster has performed successfully for the past 63 consecutive launches since 1997 and 116 times overall in its history.The construction of NOAA weather satellites, getting them launched into space and performing the initial on-orbit checkout falls under NASA’s responsibility. Control of the spacecraft is handed from the civilian space agency to NOAA about three weeks after liftoff. The NOAA-N mission is valued at $341 million, which includes $160 million for the satellite structure, $71 million for the instruments and $65 million for the Delta 2 rocket.You can follow Wednesday’s early morning countdown and the ascent to orbit in our live .Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.GOES launch timelineSPACEFLIGHT NOW
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: January 14, 2005Robert Mitchell, NASA’s Cassini program manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., says the loss of one telemetry stream from the Huygens Titan probe appears to be the result of an actual problem of some sort on board the spacecraft.”The evidence we have a problem on chain A is pretty clear,” he said. “I don’t think the continuing playback (of Huygens data from Cassini) is going to resolve that problem. We just need to sort out what happened with it.”Engineers at the European Space Agency’s Space Operations Center in Germany are receiving data from Huygens on chain, or channel, B but not from chain A. Both systems are identical and scientists should receive almost all of the desired data from chain B, Mitchell said.”The way the probe system works, there are two transmitters on the probe and there are two separate receivers on the orbiter so we have two separate, distinct data links between the probe and the orbiter,” he said. “These data links were deigned to be largely redundant, not 100 percent, but nearly so.”The way we sit now, it’s clear that the B channel is coming in loud and clear and up to this point, we haven’t missed a single data packet. Now on the A channel, we do have a problem and we’re still sorting out what happened thre. But this, I think, will be only a minor lien on the significance of the success that’s been accomplished here just because of the redundancy between the two sides.”Of course, the reason you put redundancy in the design to begin with is to make yourself resilient to whatever may have happened here,” Mitchell said. “So we’re still sorting out exactly what happened to the A chain, but we’ve got at least most of the data we expected to get.”Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT AUDIO:TODAY’S STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT VIDEO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING AUDIO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:OVERVIEW OF HUYGENS PROBE’S SCIENCE OBJECTIVES VIDEO:JULY NEWS BRIEFING ON CASSINI’S PICTURES OF TITAN VIDEO:PICTURES SHOWING TITAN SURFACE FROM OCT. FLYBY VIDEO:WHAT’S KNOWN ABOUT TITAN BEFORE THE FIRST FLYBY VIDEO:NARRATED MOVIE OF CLOUDS MOVING NEAR SOUTH POLE VIDEO:OCT. BRIEFING ON RADAR IMAGES OF TITAN SURFACE Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Out from the shadows: Two new Saturnian moons CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: August 16, 2004With eyes sharper than any that have peered at Saturn before, the Cassini spacecraft has uncovered two moons, which may be the smallest bodies so far seen around the ringed planet. This image shows the tiny ‘worldlet,’ temporarily dubbed S/2004 S1, as it makes its way around the planet. A white box frames the moon’s location in the image. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteThe moons are approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) and 4kilometers (2.5 miles) across — smaller than the city ofBoulder, Colorado. The moons, located 194,000 kilometers(120,000 miles) and 211,000 kilometers (131,000 miles) from theplanet’s center, are between the orbits of two other saturnianmoons, Mimas and Enceladus. They are provisionally namedS/2004 S1 and S/2004 S2. One of them, S/2004 S1, may be anobject spotted in a single image taken by NASA’s Voyagerspacecraft 23 years ago, called at that time S/1981 S14.”One of our major objectives in returning to Saturn was tosurvey the entire system for new bodies,” said Dr. CarolynPorco, imaging team leader, Space Science Institute, Boulder,Colo. Porco planned the imaging sequences. “So, it’s reallygratifying to know that among all the other fantasticdiscoveries we will make over the next four years, we can nowadd the confirmation of two new moons, skipping unnoticedaround Saturn for billions of years until just now.?The moons were first seen by Dr. Sebastien Charnoz, a planetarydynamicist working with Dr. Andre Brahic, imaging team memberat the University of Paris. “Discovering these faintsatellites was an exciting experience, especially the feelingof being the first person to see a new body of our solarsystem,” said Charnoz. “I had looked for such objects forweeks while at my office in Paris, but it was only once onholiday, using my laptop, that my code eventually detectedthem. This tells me I should take more holidays.”The smallest previously known moons around Saturn are about 20kilometers (12 miles) across. Scientists expected that moonsas small as S/2004 S1 and S/2004 S2 might be found within gapsin the rings and perhaps near the F ring, so they weresurprised these small bodies are between two major moons. Smallcomets careening around the outer solar system would beexpected to collide with small moons and break them to bits. This shows the second new ‘worldlet,’ temporarily dubbed S/2004 S2. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteThe fact that these moons exist where they do might providelimits on the number of small comets in the outer solar system,a quantity essential for understanding the Kuiper Belt ofcomets beyond Neptune, and the cratering histories of the moonsof the giant planets.”A comet striking an inner moon of Saturn moves many timesfaster than a speeding bullet,” said Dr. Luke Dones, an imagingteam member from the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder,Colo. “If small, house-sized comets are common, these moonsshould have been blown apart many times by cometary impactsduring the history of the solar system. The disrupted moonwould form a ring, and then most of the material wouldeventually gather back together into a moon. However, if smallcomets are rare, as they seem to be in the Jupiter system, thenew moons might have survived since the early days of the solarsystem.”Moons surrounding the giant planets generally are not foundwhere they originally formed because tidal forces from theplanet can cause them to drift from their original locations.In drifting, they may sweep through locations where other moonsdisturb them, making their orbits eccentric or inclinedrelative to the planet’s equator. One of the new moons mighthave undergone such an evolution.Upcoming imaging sequences will scour the gaps in Saturn’srings in search of moons believed to be there. Meanwhile,Cassini scientists are eager to get a closer look, if at allpossible, at their new finds. Porco said, “We are at this verymoment looking to see what the best times are for retargeting.Hopefully, we haven’t seen the last of them.”The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA,the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The JetPropulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Instituteof Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens missionfor NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. TheCassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed,developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based atthe Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Phoebe’s surface gives scientists clues to its origin CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: June 14, 2004Images collected during Cassini’s close flyby of Saturn’s moon, Phoebe, have yielded strong evidence that the tiny object may contain ice-rich material, overlain with a thin layer of darker material perhaps 300 to 500 meters (980 to 1,600 feet) thick. The surface of Phoebe is also heavily potholed with large and small craters. Images revealbright streaks in the ramparts of the largest craters, bright rays which emanate from smaller craters, and uninterrupted grooves across the face of the body.”The imaging team is in hot debate at the moment on the interpretations of our findings,” said Dr. Carolyn Porco, Cassini imaging team leader at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. “Based on our images, some of us are leaning towards the view that has been promoted recently, that Phoebe is probably ice-rich and may be an object originating in the outer solar system, more related to comets and Kuiper Belt objects than to asteroids.”In ascertaining Phoebe’s origin, imaging scientists are noting important differences between the surface of Phoebe and that of rocky asteroids which have been seen at comparable resolution. “Asteroids seen up close, like Ida, Mathilde, and Eros, and the small martian satellites do not have the bright ‘speckling’ associated with the small craters that are seen on Phoebe,” said Dr. Peter Thomas, an imaging team member from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.The landforms observed in the highest resolution images also contain clues to the internal structure of Phoebe. Dr. Alfred McEwen, an imaging team member from the University of Arizona, Tucson, said, “Phoebe is a world of dramatic landforms, with craters everywhere, landslides, and linear structures such as grooves, ridges, and chains of pits. These are clues to the internal properties of Phoebe, which we’ll be looking at very closely in order to understand Phoebe’s origin and evolution.”"I think these images are showing us an ancient remnant of the bodies that formed over four billion years ago in the outer reaches of the solar system,” said Dr. Torrence Johnson, an imaging team member from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. “Battered and beat-up as it is, it is still giving us clues to its origin and history.”Phoebe may be an icy interloper from the distant outer solar system which found itself captured by giant Saturn in its earliest, formative years. Final conclusions on Phoebe’s origins await a combination of the results on Phoebe’s surface structures, mass and composition gathered from all 11 instruments, which collected data during the flyby on June 11, 2004.”This has been an impressive whirlwind flyby and it’s only a curtain raiser on the events about to begin,” said Porco. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version FIRST IMAGE: Images like this one, showing bright wispy streaks thought to be ice revealed by subsidence of crater walls, are leading to the view that Phoebe is an ice-rich body overlain with a thin layer of dark material. Obvious down slope motion of material occurring along the walls of the major craters in this image is the cause for the bright streaks, which are over-exposed here. Significant slumping has occurred along the crater wall at top left. The slumping of material might have occurred by a small projectile punching into the steep slope of the wall of a pre-existing larger crater. Another possibility is that the material collapsed when triggered by another impact elsewhere on Phoebe. Note that the bright, exposed areas of ice are not very uniform along the wall. Small craters are exposing bright material on the hummocky floor of the larger crater. Elsewhere on this image, there are local areas of outcropping along the larger crater wall where denser, more resistant material is located. Whether these outcrops are large blocks being exhumed by landslides or actual ‘bedrock’ is not currently understood. The crater on the left, with most of the bright streamers, is about 45 kilometers (28 miles) in diameter, front to back as viewed. The larger depression in which the crater sits is on the order of 100 kilometers (62 miles) across. The slopes from the rim down to the hummocky floor are approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) long; many of the bright streamers on the crater wall are on the order of 10 kilometers (6 miles) long. A future project for Cassini image scientists will be to work out the chronology of slumping events in this scene. This image was obtained at a phase, or Sun-Phoebe-spacecraft, angle of 78 degrees, and from a distance of 11,918 kilometers (7,407 miles). The image scale is approximately 70 meters (230 feet) per pixel. No enhancement was performed on this image. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version SECOND IMAGE: A mosaic of two images of Saturn’s moon Phoebe taken shortly after Cassini’s flyby on June 11, 2004, gives a close-up view of a region near its South Pole. The view, taken about 13,000 kilometers (8,000 miles) from Phoebe, is about 120 kilometers (74 miles) across and shows a region battered by craters. Brighter material, likely to be ice, is exposed by small craters and streams down the slopes of large craters. The skyline is a combination of Phoebe’s shape and the formation of impact craters. Walls of some of the larger craters are more than 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) high. The image scale is 80 meters (264 feet) per pixel. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version THIRD IMAGE: Shown here is a mosaic of seven of the sharpest, highest resolution images taken of Phoebe during Cassini’s close flyby of the tiny moon. The image scales range from 27 to 13 meters (90 to 43 feet) per pixel. Smaller and smaller craters can be resolved as resolution increases from left to right. The number of blocks, or bumps on the surface also increases to the right. The Sun is coming from the right, so the bright-dark pattern is reversed between blocks and small craters. Grooves or chains of pits are seen on the left portion of the mosaic, which may mark fractures or faults induced by large impact events. Many of the small craters have bright rays, similar to recent craters on the Moon. There are also bright streaks on steep slopes, perhaps where loose material slid downhill during the seismic shaking of impact events. There are also places where especially dark materials are present, perhaps rich in carbon compounds. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version FOURTH IMAGE: On June 11, 2004, during its closest approach to Phoebe, Cassini obtained this extremely high resolution view of a dark, desolate landscape. Regions of different reflectivity are clearly visible on what appears to be a gently rolling surface. Notable are several bright-rayed impact craters, lots of small craters with bright-colored floors and light-colored streaks across the landscape. Note also the several sharply defined craters — probably fairly young features — near the upper left corner. This high-resolution image was obtained at a phase, or Sun-Phoebe-spacecraft, angle of 30.7 degrees, and from a distance of approximately 2,365 kilometers (1,470 miles). The image scale is approximately 14 meters (46 feet) per pixel. The image was high-pass filtered to bring out small scale features and then enhanced in contrast. Fallen Heroes special patchThis special 12-inch embroidered patch commemorates the U.S. astronauts who made the ultimate sacrifice, honoring the crews of Apollo 1, Challenger and Columbia.Choose your store: – – – Moon RushThis book examines how the exploration of space, specifically a commercial base on the Moon and Mars would transform our economies on the Earth as surely as the discovery of the New World transformed the old world of Europe.Choose your store: – – – Apollo 11 special patchSpecial collectors’ patch marking the 35th anniversary of the historic Apollo 11 moon landing is now available.Choose your store: – – – Get inside Apollo!Full color drawings reveal like never before the details of the Apollo Command and Service Modules.Choose your store: – – – | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Pictures show active world shaped by cryogenic liquids BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: October 26, 2004PASADENA, Calif. – NASA’s Cassini spacecraft streaked by Saturn’s smoggy moon Titan today, targeted to pass within just 750 miles of the planet-sized satellite to give scientists their first detailed glimpse of a world that, until now, has been shrouded in mystery.Moving through space at some 14,000 mph, Cassini made its closest approach to Titan at 12:44 p.m. EDT, using the moon’s gravity to change its trajectory slightly for another Titan flyby Dec. 13.Today’s encounter, the first of 45 Titan flybys planned over the course of Cassini’s four-year primary mission, occurred while the $3 billion spacecraft was out of contact with flight controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.The high-gain dish antenna normally used to communicate with Earth was aimed instead at Titan for cloud-piercing synthetic aperture radar observations. Those images, along with other radar data and high-resolution visible, infrared and ultraviolet observations, should resolve long standing questions about Titan, including whether the moon harbors standing lakes or pools of liquid ethane and hydrocarbon sludge.But Cassini will not turn its high-gain antenna back toward Earth and begin playing back recorded data until late this evening. It will take those radio signals, traveling 186,000 miles per second, one hour and 14 minutes to reach NASA’s Deep Space Network antennas some 826 million miles away.The first low-resolution pictures are expected to begin showing up around 9:40 p.m. High-resolution imagery will reach Earth starting around 12:51 a.m. Wednesday, with narrow-angle resolutions of a tenth of a mile per pixel. That will improve to 17 feet per pixel when the highest resolution pictures flow in around 2:40 a.m.Data playback will end at 5:22 a.m. and Cassini will make this orbit’s closest approach to Saturn at 7:33 a.m.A timeline of major events that includes the number of images expected from the narrow- and wide-angle cameras (in EDT; resolution in statute miles) is available .Along with collecting priceless imagery and data about Titan, today’s encounter, known as Titan A or TA for short, also collected critical atmospheric data that will be used to determine just how close Cassini can safely pass during upcoming flybys.That same data also will shed light on what Cassini’s Huygens probe can expect when it slams into the atmosphere of Titan Jan. 14.Built by the European Space Agency, Huygens will descend by parachute all the way to the moon’s surface, using a suite of instruments to probe its environment. Data will be relayed back to Earth by Cassini, which will be flying past at the same time.The density of Titan’s atmosphere, however, is a critical factor in the Huygens’ descent. The probe is scheduled to be released from Cassini on Christmas Eve and depending on what today’s TA flyby data show, engineers could elect to make slight changes to its trajectory.The data were considered so vital that engineers programmed playback through two DSN ground stations to ensure successful capture.Along with characterizing the moon’s atmosphere, Cassini also was programmed to photograph the Huygens landing site at a resolution of .62 miles per pixel, hopefully providing insights into what the probe can expect when it reaches the surface in January.Cassini braked into orbit around Saturn the night of June 30, firing its main engine for a nerve-wracking 96.4 minutes. Another long rocket firing in late August raised the low point of Cassini’s orbit and set the stage for an extended voyage of discovery.Equipped with state-of-the-art telescopes, an imaging radar system and a battery of other powerful instruments, Cassini will spend at least four years orbiting the sixth planet from the sun, studying its rings in unprecedented detail, making high-resolution movies of its windy atmosphere, charting its magnetic field and mapping a host of icy moons.Titan will get special treatment. Bigger than Mercury and Pluto, Titan is the only moon in the solar system with a thick atmosphere, one in which hydrocarbons fall as rain and liquid ethane pools on its ultra-cold surface. Or so astronomers believe.TITAN FACTS AND FIGURES Discovered by………..Christiaan Huygens, 1655Mass (Earth=1)……….0.02259Radius………………1,600 milesDiameter…………….3,200 milesDistance from Saturn….745,000 milesRotation period………15.94 daysOrbital period……….15.94 daysOrbital inclination…..0.33 degreesAtmospheric pressure….1.6 times Earth’sTemperature………….-290 FahrenheitDaylight at surface…..1/1000 the intensity of sunlight on EarthIn a pre-launch news conference seven years ago, Jonathan Lunine, a University of Arizona physicist and a member of the Cassini science team, provided an educated guess about what today’s flyby and the Huygens probe might reveal.”Imagine a world that’s smaller than Mars and bigger than the planet Mercury, where the air is four times denser at its surface than the air in this room and the surface pressure is about the same as you’d experience at the bottom of a neighborhood swimming pool,” he said. “On that world, the distant sun is never seen and at high noon, things are no brighter than a partly moonlit night on the Earth.”Because of its great distance, the cold is so enormous that water is always frozen out of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is nearly so, but not quite. And the simplest organic molecule, methane, is there to take the place of water as a cloud former, possibly a rain maker and maybe even the stuff of lakes or seas of hydrocarbons.”The methane is lofted hundreds of miles above the surface of this world,” Lunine said before Cassini’s launch in 1997. “It’s cracked open by sunlight and cosmic rays and a menagerie of more complicated organics is produced from the methane and these then float down to the surface to accumulate over time, perhaps to depths of hundreds of meters or more. Volcanism and impacts shape the surface and provide energy to make ever more complex organic molecules in a planet-wide tapestry that is an organic chemist’s dream.”What I have described to you is Titan, the second largest moon in the solar system, nearly the largest. It was partly revealed to us by Voyager 1 in 1980. Through its many instruments, Voyager discovered and characterized a dense atmosphere around this cold world. Yet … Voyager’s cameras could not penetrate the organic haze and so we still do not know what awaits Cassini-Huygens at the end of its journey.”But in the years since Cassini’s launch, optical and radar observations from Earth have given scientists at least a hint of what the spacecraft might find. Scientists are convinced lakes or small oceans of liquid hydrocarbons exist on Titan, but not a globe-spanning sea. One way or the other, Cassini and Huygens should resolve the matter.”Titan is almost certainly not the home of life today,” Lunine said. “But the organic chemical cycles that go on may constitute a chemical laboratory for replaying some of the steps that led to life on Earth. Titan is in some ways the closest analogue we have to the Earth’s environment before life began and this makes Titan very important.”Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Cassini getting ever closer to colorful Saturn CICLOPS/SPACE SCIENCE NEWS RELEASEPosted: June 3, 2004As Cassini coasts into the final month of its nearly seven-year trek, the serene majesty of its destination looms ahead. The spacecraft’s cameras are functioning beautifully and continue to return stunning views from Cassini’s position, 1.2 billion kilometers (750 million miles) from Earth and now 15.7 million kilometers (9.8 million miles) from Saturn. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version In this narrow angle camera image from May 21, 2004, the ringed planet displays subtle, multi-hued atmospheric bands, colored by yet undetermined compounds. Cassini mission scientists hope to determine the exact composition of this material. This image also offers a preview of the detailed survey Cassini will conduct on the planet’s dazzling rings. Slight differences in color denote both differences in ring particle composition and light scattering properties. Images taken through blue, green and red filters were combined to create this natural color view. The image scale is 132 kilometers (82 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Cassini ‘go’ for Saturn orbit insertion burn BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: January 14, 2005NASA’s Cassini Saturn orbiter began downlinking science data from theEuropean Space Agency’s Huygens probe at 11:19 a.m. EST (1619 GMT), confirming thespacecraft not only survived its high-speed plunge into the atmosphere ofSaturn’s moon, Titan, but that its instruments worked to remotely exploreone of the strangest worlds in the solar system.”Cassini has just started to deliver the data collected during thedescent,” said Jean-Jacques Dordain, director general of the Eruopean SpaceAgency. “This is a fantastic success for Europe!”Cassini and Huygens mission managers, scientists and engineers eruptedin cheers and applause when the first data packets began showing up oncomputers screens at the European Space Agency’s Space Operations Center inGermany. Successful reception of science data capped a morning of high dramaand ended any uncertainty that Europe had achieved one of its mostimpressive engineering and scientific triumphs.”All instruments are on,” a flight controller told the Huygens team.Mission managers already knew Cassini had survived its hellish plungeinto Titan’s atmosphere and had made it to the moon’s surface because of anunimaginably faint carrier signal that was detected by a network ofEarth-based radio telescopes. The signal, some 50 quadrillion times weakerthan a typical FM radio signal in a car radio, proved Huygens had survivedentry, deployed its main parachute and activated critical subsystems. Thesignal lasted more than two hours after the predicted landing, but it didnot carry any scientific data. It was merely a tone and while it showed thecraft was alive, it didn’t prove whether it had accomplished its scientificobjectives.But the European spacecraft apparently worked as advertised and right onschedule, after Cassini dropped below Titan’s horizon, the NASA mothershipturned back toward Earth and began transmitting data from Huygens’ suite ofsix instruments.”So the morning was good. The afternoon is better,” Dordain said at anews conference. “This morning, we had an engineering success and we can saythis afternoon that we also have a scientific success. We are the firstvisitors to Titan and the scientific data we are collecting now shall unveilthe secrets of this new world.”It will take several hours for mission scientists and engineers toextract and stitch together pictures from the data stream, but the firstpanoramic views showing the surface of Titan as Huygens descended throughits hazy atmosphere may be available between 5 p.m. and 6 p.m.”The torch has been handed off from the engineers … who’ve done theirjob of delivering the probe and delivering the data back,” said DavidSouthwood, European Space Agency science director. “Now the scientists startwork. We’re going to be working, I think, very hard in the next hours anddays but in fact, this data is data for posterity.”This is a historic event. I don’t think it’s likely in the lifetime ofanyone in this room that we will repeat a landing on Titan. so this is thedata, it’s for posterity, it’s for mankind. But it’s got to be unraveled,it’s got to be put together and then scientists, being scientists, are goingto argue about what it means as we piece together our place in the universeand how we came to be. I think this is a very major step forward. But it’sonly the beginning for our science teams.”NASA science chief Al Diaz choked back tears as he called the probemission “a tremendous success.”"This really is another first,” he said. “There will only be a firstsuccessful landing on Titan and this was it. The European Space Agencydeserves a tremendous amount of credit. We’re glad we could have been apartner.”Claudio Sollazzo, ESA’s Huygens operations manager, said engineers wereinvestigating the apparent loss of data from one of two channels, or chains,of telemetry from Huygens. But he said the spacecraft was fully redundantand that “we can ensure that so far, on chain B, we see everything wentwell.”"The probe went through the entry phase and the (main) parachute wasdeployed essentially at the time we predicted,” he said. “We are anxious tosee what we call the history data, the telemetry that was recorded on boardthe probe before even the back cover came off so we can reconstruct how theprobe entered the atmosphere. This is very important information for thescientists to know how the higher atmospheric layers are. it is also veryimportant for the engineering community.”Data on chain B showed “the batteries are OK, the computers worked asexpected, the software shows healthy status and instrument status as far aswe could receive … were nominal,” Sollazzo said. “The internal temperatureof the probe was about 25 degrees centigrade. So … our instruments areworking at a very comfortable temperature.”One of Huygens’ six experiments, the Doppler Wind Experiment, relied inpart on chain A of the probe’s communications system. It was designed tomeasure wind speeds by detecting subtle changes in the frequency of radiotransmissions as th craft is blown this way or that. If chain A did notwork, scientists will lose measurements of that shift between Huygens andCassini. But Sollazzo said similar measurements from Earth-based radiotelescopes will allow scientists to collect similar data to make up theshortfall, assuming the data on chain A is, in fact, lost.”We have a wonderful mission on Titan,” he said, “and we are eager todeliver the data to our scientists on time and then they will go on andanalyze the data and we should get some interesting results later tonight.”Video coverage for subscribers only:VIDEO:STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT AUDIO:TODAY’S STATUS REPORT DURING DESCENT VIDEO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING AUDIO:HUYGENS PRE-ARRIVAL NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:OVERVIEW OF HUYGENS PROBE’S SCIENCE OBJECTIVES VIDEO:JULY NEWS BRIEFING ON CASSINI’S PICTURES OF TITAN VIDEO:PICTURES SHOWING TITAN SURFACE FROM OCT. FLYBY VIDEO:WHAT’S KNOWN ABOUT TITAN BEFORE THE FIRST FLYBY VIDEO:NARRATED MOVIE OF CLOUDS MOVING NEAR SOUTH POLE VIDEO:OCT. BRIEFING ON RADAR IMAGES OF TITAN SURFACE Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Huygens test successful EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY NEWS RELEASEPosted: September 19, 2004ESA’s Huygens probe, now orbiting Saturn on board the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini spacecraft, is in good health and successfully passed its fifteenth ‘In-Flight Checkout’ on 14 September 2004. An artist’s concept shows Huygens parachuting to Titan after deployment from the Cassini orbiter. Credit: EADS AstriumThis in-flight checkout procedure was the last but one planned before separation of the Huygens probe from Cassini in December this year, and it included some specific activities that were intended to prepare for the separation. The main difference in this procedure from previous checkouts was that there was a test of the Master Timer Unit (MTU). Because Huygens will spend three weeks coasting towards Titan following separation from the Cassini orbiter, its systems and instruments are powered down. The MTU is the ‘triple-redundant’ alarm-clock that has the most important job of waking up Huygens a few hours before its entry into Titan’s atmosphere. The checkout also included some specific payload activities required to configure the Huygens instruments before separation. The procedure was carried out live, with Cassini transmitting the data to Earth in real-time. However the data arrived on Earth with an 80-minute delay as this is the time taken for light, and therefore radio signals, to travel the distance between Saturn and Earth. The preliminary analysis of the real-time data received, performed within 12 hours after the test, indicates that the MTU test was successful, and that all instruments performed as expected.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Spaceflight Now +Premium video content for our Spaceflight Now Plus subscribers.Huygens mission scienceAfter entering orbit around Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft will launch the European Huygens probe to make a parachute landing on the surface of the moon Titan. The scientific objectives of Huygens are explained by probe project manager Jean-Pierre Lebreton. (3min 14sec file)Saturn’s moon TitanLearn more about Saturn’s moon Titan, which is believed to harbor a vast ocean, in this narrated movie. (4min 01sec file)Relive Cassini’s launchAn Air Force Titan 4B rocket launches NASA’s Cassini spacecraft at 4:43 a.m. October 15, 1997 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. (5min 15sec file)Iapetus: A view from the top CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: January 9, 2004This oblique view of Saturn’s moon Iapetus from high latitude shows how the dark, heavily cratered terrain of Cassini Regio transitions to a bright, icy terrain at high latitudes. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science InstituteDownload larger image version In this mosaic of two high resolution images taken during Cassini’s New Year’s Eve 2004 flyby of Iapetus, the direction toward the north pole is approximately 15 degrees below the horizontal on the right. At the equator terrains are uniformly covered with a dark mantle of material that has a reflectivity of about 4 percent. At latitudes toward the pole of about 40 degrees, the dark deposits become patchy and diffuse as the surface transitions to a much brighter, icy terrain near the pole. The brightest icy materials exhibit visual reflectivity over 60 percent. Superimposed on the bright terrain is a subtle, ghostly pattern of crudely parallel, north-south trending wispy streaks. The streaks, which were discovered during this flyby of Iapetus, are typically a few kilometers wide and sometimes tens of kilometers long. Their appearance and orientation may be connected with the emplacement of dark materials that cover Cassini Regio. The dark materials might represent the gradual accumulation of dark debris falling from space, or alternatively, may represent fallout from plume-style eruptions that may have accompanied the formation of Iapetus’s enigmatic equatorial ridge. Also seen in this mosaic are conspicuous, north-facing bright crater walls. An example can be seen in the upper left where the bright, 4-kilometer-high (2.5 miles) walls of a 70 kilometer (44 mile) central-peak crater lies. The bright crater walls are often higher in brightness than the corresponding south-facing walls of the same crater. They are vaguely reminiscent of bright north-facing crater walls that were discovered by NASA’s Voyager and Galileo spacecraft in craters near the poles of the Jovian satellites Callisto and Ganymede. In the case of the Jovian satellites, cold-trapping of frosts on north-facing slopes and sublimation of ices from south-facing slopes are thought to produce the north-south asymmetries in crater wall brightness. However, the occurrence of some young-appearing craters on Iapetus that have bright north-facing and dark south-facing slopes, and the pattern of streaks near the north pole of Iapetus suggests that another mechanism may be responsible for the crater wall brightness asymmetries on Iapetus. One possibility is that the south-facing slopes may be stained by the same process that emplaced the low brightness coating throughout the region. In this case, the north-pointing scarps might be bright because they face away and are shielded from the putative falling spray of dark materials. Bright south-facing slopes would exist primarily on young craters that have not been exposed to the darkening agent long enough to be stained. The image was obtained in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera on Dec. 31, 2004, at a distance of about 123,370 kilometers (76,658 miles) from Iapetus and at a Sun-Iapetus-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 93 degrees. Resolution achieved in the original image was 732 meters (2,401 feet) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Instrument aims at Saturn’s space environment JHU-APL NEWS RELEASEPosted: June 30, 2004As NASA’s Cassini-Huygens spacecraft begins its four-year orbital tour of the Saturn system, mission scientists will use an innovative imaging device to deliver the most detailed look yet at the relationship between the Sun, the giant ringed planet and the diverse collection of moons looping around it.The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument – or MIMI – is one of 12 science instruments on the main Cassini spacecraft, set to enter orbit around Saturn on July 1 (EDT). The MIMI experiment, an international team effort led by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Laurel, Md., includes three distinct sensors that will profile the environment of charged particles at Saturn and obtain the first visible, global images of Saturn’s magnetosphere.”Until now, measuring a planet’s magnetic field and charged particle environment – its magnetosphere – has been difficult,” says Dr. Stamatios (Tom) Krimigis, of APL, MIMI principal investigator. “A spacecraft can measure it at one point when it flies past a planet, but you don’t know what’s happening somewhere else and you never get the entire picture. With our instrument, and from orbit around the planet, we’ll be able to look at the changing patterns and dynamics of Saturn’s space weather – actually see how it reacts to the solar wind over time and how it affects the surfaces and atmospheres of the moons embedded in the magnetosphere.”MIMI’s sensors combine three critical measurements to create that picture. Its high-energy particle detector (developed by APL, the Max Plank Institute and a number of co-investigator institutions) looks at the distribution and strength of energetic ions and electrons near the spacecraft. Its charge-energy mass spectrometer (built by the University of Maryland, College Park) measures the charge and determines the elemental composition of these particles.MIMI’s ion and neutral camera takes a wider approach, using an APL-developed technique known as energetic neutral atom imaging to provide a global view of the entire magnetosphere – a deep-space mission first. The camera detects the “glow” of energized particles trapped in the planet’s magnetic field, which will allow scientists to make three-dimensional images of the compression and expansion of Saturn’s magnetosphere as it’s buffeted by the solar wind, or as it sends streams of particles toward the surfaces of Titan and other nearby satellites.”Magnetospheres can change dramatically over a matter of hours to days, so flybys such as the Voyager spacecrafts’ only yield a snapshot in time and space,” says MIMI Instrument Scientist Dr. Donald Mitchell, of APL. “With Cassini we’re going to get years and years of nearly continuous data, which will give us a much more complete understanding of this complex system. We’ll be able to watch the whole dynamic between the sun and Saturn, and the planet and its moons.”The camera was pointed toward Saturn’s magnetosphere four months ago and has already collected impressive data, Mitchell says. MIMI had a successful test run during Cassini’s flight past Jupiter in late 2000-early 2001, providing scientists with never-before-seen images of the giant planet’s magnetosphere and underlying dynamics; a huge nebula of particles – spewed from volcanoes on the moon Io – enveloping Jupiter and extending some 22 million kilometers (13 million miles) past the planet; and a large and surprisingly dense gas cloud sharing an orbit with Jupiter’s icy moon Europa.While the mission at Saturn is just beginning, Krimigis expects MIMI’s data will eventually give scientists a better understanding of the space environment closer to home.”Planetary magnetic fields have a lot in common, even if the planets themselves are very different,” he says. “We hope to find some of the characteristics that affect both the Earth and Saturn, and feed this knowledge back into the models we have for space weather at Earth. Then we can devise accurate space weather forecasts that give advance warning of the electromagnetic storms that affect our satellites, communications, power grids and other technological systems.”Including the APL-built MIMI, half of Cassini’s instruments are designed to investigate the space environments around Saturn and its moons. Cassini – launched on Oct. 15, 1997 – will also release its piggybacked Huygens probe, built by the European Space Agency (ESA), this December for descent through the thick atmosphere of the moon Titan.The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the $3.3-billion mission for NASA’s office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The MIMI team includes investigators and expertise from APL; the University of Maryland, College Park; University of Kansas, Lawrence; University of Arizona, Tucson; Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.; the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Lindau, Germany; and the Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements in Toulouse, France.The Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Latest color pictures from Cassini look like artwork CASSINI PHOTO RELEASEPosted: August 19, 2004NASA has released three new stunning color pictures taken by the Cassini spacecraft exploring the planet Saturn. The images show the giant planet, its golden rings and several moons. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of ArizonaDownload larger image version FIRST IMAGE: Saturn’s atmosphere is prominently shown with the rings emerging from behind the planet at upper right. The two moons on the left of the image are Mimas and Enceladus. This image was taken on August 8, 2004, with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera in red, green, and blue filters. This image was taken 8.5 million kilometers (5.3 million miles) from Saturn. Contrast has been enhanced to aid visibility. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of ArizonaDownload larger image version SECOND IMAGE: Saturn’s rings appear golden as the planet’s shadow drapes across nearly the whole span of the rings. In the upper left corner is Saturn’s moon Mimas. This color image was taken on August 15, 2004, with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera, using the red, green, and blue filters. The image was taken 8.8 million kilometers (5.5 million miles) from Saturn. Contrast has been enhanced to aid visibility. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of ArizonaDownload larger image version THIRD IMAGE: Saturn and its rings are prominently shown in this color image, along with three of Saturn’s smaller moons. From left to right, they are Prometheus, Pandora and Janus. Prometheus and Pandora are often called the “F ring shepherds” as they control and interact with Saturn’s interesting F ring, seen between them. This image was taken on June 18, 2004, with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera 8.2 million kilometers (5.1 million miles) from Saturn. It was created using the red, green, and blue filters. Contrast has been enhanced to aid visibility. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Mission has faced many hurdles and challenges BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: March 14, 2008After extensive troubleshooting, Canadian robotics experts now believe a suspect data cable – not a software timing issue – is preventing computer commands from powering up a $209 million maintenance robot under construction aboard the international space station. Covering the bases, they uplinked a software patch early today to adjust the timing of the computer commands as originally planned, but, as most expected, the patch didn’t work.The special purpose dextrous manipulator, or SPDM – also known as Dextre – was launched disassembled, its arms, hands and torso mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the shuttle Endeavour’s cargo bay. After the shuttle’s docking with the space station Wednesday night, the pallet was pulled from Endeavour’s cargo bay and mounted on the mobile base normally used to move the station’s robot arm from one work site to another.All of that went well. But fight controllers were unable to route electricity to the robot’s components to power so-called keep-alive heaters. Engineers initially thought a software timing issue was to blame, believing power-up commands were timing out before the robot’s electronics could fully respond. Similar problems have occurred in the past with the station’s robot arm and transporter, which feature similar electronic components.”We’ve had some experience in the past with timing issues and we thought, well, we can fix that with software,” said Pierre Jean, acting space station program manager for the Canadian Space Agency. “We kicked that off right away, that was something we’re very comfortable with.”As we looked through it and we really delved into the design, it became apparent to our engineers across the team that the actual design of the cable was wrong. It passes the power, but the way it handles the data, it doesn’t guarantee that data will be passed properly and returned. So it basically boils down to a design issue in the cable that was not discovered prior to this moment.”I guess it’s somewhat related to the fact that the hardware that Dextre is trying to mate to is the MBS (mobile base system), which was launched in 2002, so we don’t have existing hardware on the ground. Some of the testing that was done was done in the simulation environment. There was lots of testing done, but it wasn’t until the last day, really, that we looked at the design and we realized there was an issue there. That’s why we’re fairly confident, we have strong confidence, this is going to be resolved and shown to be the way it is, to be the smoking gun, if you will.”The cable in question runs between Dextre’s latching end effector and the power and data attachment fitting holding the Spacelab pallet in place on the mobile base system. Engineers now plan to lock the station’s arm onto Dextre late today, bypassing the pallet cable and supplying power and data directly to the robot’s electrical systems.”At this point in time, we’re pretty confident that by 10 o’clock (Central Time) tonight we should have the answer to this particular question,” Jean said.During an overnight spacewalk, the first of five planned for Endeavour’s mission, astronauts Richard Linnehan and Garrett Reisman attached gripper-like hands to Dextre’s 11-foot-long arms. The arms, in turn, will be attached to the robot’s torso during a second spacewalk overnight Saturday.Jean said Dextre can survive the extreme temperatures of space without keep-alive power for 100 to 125 hours, much longer than engineers believe they will need to resolve the problem.Today’s spacewalk lasted seven hours and one minute, successfully preparing a Japanese module for attachment to the space station and beginning assembly of Dextre. The spacewalk began at 9:18 p.m. Thursday and ended at 4:19 a.m. today.”Boy, I can’t wait to take a shower,” one of the spacewalkers said from inside the Quest airlock.”You’re going to be waiting a long time,” his companion laughed.This was the 105th spacewalk devoted to station assembly and maintenance since construction began in 1998 and the first of five planned by Endeavour’s crew.Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:NARRATED PREVIEW OF SPACEWALK NO. 1 VIDEO:THURSDAY’S MISSION MANAGEMENT TEAM UPDATE VIDEO:THE FLIGHT DAY 3 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:DEXTRE PALLET MOVED FROM SHUTTLE TO STATION VIDEO:THURSDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR DOCKS TO SPACE STATION VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR PERFORMS THE 360-DEGREE BACKFLIP VIDEO:VIEWS OF THE SHUTTLE APPROACHING FROM BELOW VIDEO:NARRATED ANIMATION OF PREVIEWING THE DOCKING VIDEO:UPDATE FROM MISSION MANAGEMENT TEAM VIDEO:THE FLIGHT DAY 2 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:WEDNESDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:ANIMATION OF THE HEAT SHIELD INSPECTIONS VIDEO:NARRATED TOUR OF ENDEAVOUR’S PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:THE FLIGHT DAY 1 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:INSIDE MISSION CONTROL DURING LAUNCH VIDEO:THE FULL LAUNCH EXPERIENCE VIDEO:SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR BLASTS OFF! VIDEO:THE POST-LAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS FROM ENDEAVOUR’S LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PAYLOADS’ LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: VAB ROOF VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD FRONT VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PRESS SITE VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: WEST TOWER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD PERIMETER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: UCS-23 WIDESCREEN VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 009 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 049 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 050 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 051 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 054 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 061 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 063 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 070 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA 071 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA CS-1 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA CS-2 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA CS-6 VIDEO:FINAL PRE-LAUNCH POLLS GIVE “GO” FOR LIFTOFF VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR’S CREW MODULE CLOSED FOR FLIGHT VIDEO:ASTRONAUT DOI CLIMBS INTO HIS SEAT VIDEO:PILOT JOHNSON CLIMBS INTO HIS SEAT VIDEO:ASTRONAUT REISMAN CLIMBS INTO HIS SEAT VIDEO:COMMANDER GORIE CLIMBS INTO HIS SEAT VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS ARRIVE AT LAUNCH PAD 39A VIDEO:CREW DEPARTS QUARTERS FOR LAUNCH PAD VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS DON SPACESUITS FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF SUNSET OVER PAD 39A VIDEO:MORNING PREPARATIONS AT LAUNCH PAD 39A VIDEO:PAD GANTRY RETRACTED FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:OVERVIEW BRIEFING ON CANADA’S DEXTRE ROBOT VIDEO:OVERVIEW BRIEFING ON JAPAN’S KIBO FACILITIES VIDEO:SUNDAY’S COUNTDOWN STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:SATURDAY’S COUNTDOWN STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:CREW ARRIVES AT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:FRIDAY’S COUNTDOWN STATUS AND WEATHER BRIEFING VIDEO:STS-123 ASTRONAUT BIOGRAPHY MOVIE VIDEO:NARRATED SHORT FILM PREVIEW ENDEAVOUR’S FLIGHT VIDEO:STS-123 MISSION OVERVIEW BRIEFING VIDEO:BRIEFING ON THE SPACEWALKS VIDEO:CREW’S PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING VIDEO:SHUTTLE AND ISS PROGRAM UPDATE VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: COMMANDER DOM GORIE VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: PILOT GREG JOHNSON VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: MS1 BOB BEHNKEN VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: MS2 MIKE FOREMAN VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: MS3 TAKAO DOI VIDEO:CREW INTERVIEW: MS4 RICK LINNEHAN VIDEO:FLIGHT READINESS REVIEW NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:TCDT TRAINING HIGHLIGHTS VIDEO:PRESS CHAT WITH CREW AT LAUNCH PAD VIDEO:CREW ARRIVES AT KSC FOR PRACTICE COUNT VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR ARRIVES AT PAD 39A VIDEO:SHUTTLE ROLLS TO THE VAB MORE:STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.STS-133 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Discovery is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-133. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Canadian robot, Japanese module headed for station BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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“Happy St. Patrick’s Day, guys, and have a good EVA,” astronaut Michael Foreman radioed from inside the shuttle. “How do you read?”
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Atlantis commander Scott Altman said he and the crew agreed with Griffin’s assessment of the odds. Even so, he welcomed the addition of a rescue flight.
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: November 15, 2008; Updated after status briefingThe shuttle Endeavour is in good shape after its climb to space Friday and engineers are only working a handful of relatively minor problems, most noticeably glitches with the shuttle’s KU-band antenna, the chairman of NASA’s Mission Management Team said today. Based on an evening video inspection, a presumably lost strip of flexible insulation from the shuttle’s left aft fuselage apparently is still in place.”The mission is going extremely well,” said MMT Chairman LeRoy Cain. “The crew is in good shape as is Endeavour. … There are a few very minor things that we have in work that the team is looking at but nothing of overall great significance. The space station program reported to us that the station is in good shape and the crew on board the station is ready for Endeavour and her crew to show up tomorrow.”Cain said an analysis of imagery from Endeavour’s night launch Friday is not yet complete, but poor lighting means a detailed assessment will have to wait until on-orbit inspections are completed later in the mission. The crew was told of two possible debris events late Friday, but Cain said today as far as he’s concerned, only one event is currently under discussion.At roughly 28 seconds after launch, just before the shuttle’s three main engines throttled back to 72 percent thrust to ease aerodynamic loads on the vehicle, a piece of debris of some sort, possibly a small strip of flexible reusable surface insulation, or FRSI, appeared in close-up tracking camera footage in the area right above the shuttle’s left-side aft umbilical connection plate just below the left orbital maneuvering system rocket pod.Some images pre-launch photos showing the blanket can be seen and . A tracking camera shot of the debris is available .”We have one area that we’re looking at from a debris standpoint,” Cain said. “Just underneath the left OMS pod, in the area right above the T-0 umbilical plate, there is what we think is a narrow strip of the blanket insulation material that came loose and flew away there. … This is not an area that is of great concern to us in terms of losing a blanket. As I said, the umbilical plate itself is an aluminum surface that is unprotected by any thermal protection system.”Just after 6 p.m. today, the astronauts took a moment to aim a camera on the shuttle’s heat shield inspection boom to photograph the area. To the untrained eye, no obvious damage was apparent and at an 8 p.m. mission status briefing, lead flight director Mike Sarafin said the insulation in that area appeared to be intact and “there’s no apparent damage there.”"To me, I saw the launch imagery at 28 seconds, it looked like something was clearly there, it wasn’t there in a previous frame or two of the ascent imagery,” Sarafin said. “What the root cause of that is, I’ll wait until we get all the imagery data on the ground.”FRSI insulation is used in areas of the shuttle where re-entry heating does not exceed 700 degrees Fahrenheit. Engineers are continuing to study what the debris seen in the launch video might have been.Cain mentioned two problems with the shuttle’s KU-band antenna, a steerable dish antenna mounted near the front right side of the ship’s payload bay that automatically finds, locks onto and tracks NASA’s data relay satellites. The antenna sends and receives data, voice communications and television signals and can operate in radar mode during rendezvous operations.In one problem, the antenna fails to maintain lock on a target satellite after getting initial pointing instructions from the shuttle’s computers. Cain said flight controllers can work around the glitch by operating in what is known as GPC designate mode, in which pointing instructions are continuously sent to the antenna system. While this mode requires additional work by ground controllers, it is transparent to the shuttle’s crew.The second problem involves trouble with automatic handover between KU- and S-band communications. Again, ground controllers will manually oversee such handovers as required with no impact on the mission.It’s not yet clear what is causing the problems. If the loss-of-lock condition is located in the antenna electronics, Cain said, the KU system may not be able to operate in radar mode during Endeavour’s rendezvous with the international space station Sunday. In that case, the crew will switch to a backup procedure and use the shuttle’s star trackers to provide navigation data during the final stages of the rendezvous.Cain said all shuttle crews are trained to carry out star tracker rendezvous procedures in case of radar failures.”In my recollection, we’ve done at least one (star tracker rendezvous) in the space station assembly sequence, it was on STS-92 (in 2000),” Cain said. “We did exercise a radar-fail rendezvous on that mission.”Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:SATURDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:SATURDAY’S MISSION MANAGEMENT TEAM UPDATE VIDEO:FLIGHT DIRECTOR’S SUMMARY OF FLIGHT DAY 2 VIDEO:PREVIEW ANIMATION OF HEAT SHIELD INSPECTIONS VIDEO:NARRATED TOUR OF ENDEAVOUR’S PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 1 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:SPACE SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR BLASTS OFF! VIDEO:SPACEFLIGHT NOW’S LAUNCH PAD CAMERA VIDEO:THE FULL STS-126 LAUNCH EXPERIENCE VIDEO:INSIDE MISSION CONTROL DURING LAUNCH VIDEO:POST-LAUNCH NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:FINAL PRE-LAUNCH POLLS GIVE “GO” FOR LIFTOFF VIDEO:SHUTTLE’S CREW MODULE HATCH CLOSED FOR FLIGHT VIDEO:MISSION SPECIALIST DON PETTIT BOARDS VIDEO:MISSION SPECIALIST SHANE KIMBROUGH BOARDS VIDEO:PILOT ERIC BOE BOARDS ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:COMMANDER CHRIS FERGUSON BOARDS ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:CREW DEPARTS QUARTERS FOR LAUNCH PAD VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS DON SPACESUITS FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:NARRATED RECAP OF ENDEAVOUR’S PRE-FLIGHT CAMPAIGN VIDEO:NARRATED RECAP OF PAYLOADS’ PRE-FLIGHT CAMPAIGN VIDEO:PAD 39A SERVICE GANTRY RETRACTED FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:THURSDAY’S COUNTDOWN STATUS AND WEATHER UPDATE VIDEO:WEDNESDAY’S PRE-LAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR ASTRONAUTS ARRIVE FOR LAUNCH VIDEO:TUESDAY’S COUNTDOWN STATUS AND WEATHER UPDATE VIDEO:STATION ASTRONAUTS PREPARE FOR SHUTTLE ARRIVAL VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR’S PAYLOADS READIED FOR TREK TO SPACE VIDEO:UPDATE ON SHUTTLE AND STATION PROGRAMS VIDEO:STS-126 MISSION OVERVIEW VIDEO:PREVIEW BRIEFING ON MISSION’S SPACEWALKS VIDEO:THE ASTRONAUTS’ PRE-FLIGHT NEWS BRIEFING VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH COMMANDER CHRIS FERGUSON VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH PILOT ERIC BOE VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH MS1 HEIDEMARIE PIPER VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH MS2 STEPHEN BOWEN VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH MS3 DON PETITT VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH MS4 SHANE KIMBROUGH VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH MS5 SANDY MAGNUS VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH SPACE STATION’S EXPEDITION 17 CREW VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR COMMANDER AND PILOT PRACTICE LANDINGS VIDEO:ISS PROGRAM MANAGER UPDATES SOYUZ INVESTIGATION VIDEO:ISS PROGRAM MANAGER DESCRIBES SARJ REPAIR PLAN VIDEO:ISS PROGRAM MANAGER DISCUSSES RADIATOR DAMAGE VIDEO:EXPEDITION 18 PRE-FLIGHT MISSION BRIEFING VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS OF ATLANTIS AND ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR AT SUNRISE ON LAUNCH PAD 39B VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS OF ENDEAVOUR AFTER ROLLOUT VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR ROLLS FROM VAB TO LAUNCH PAD VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF ARRIVAL AT PAD 39B VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF ENDEAVOUR LEAVING VAB VIDEO:SHUTTLE HOISTED FOR ATTACHMENT TO TANK VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR’S DEPARTURE FROM HANGAR VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF ENDEAVOUR GOING VERTICAL VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF BEING HOISTED OFF TRANSPORTER VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF ENDEAVOUR MOVING TO VAB MORE:STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.STS-133 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Discovery is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-133. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Endeavour arrives home in FloridaSome 28 days after launching from Kennedy Space Center on its cargo-delivery mission to the international space station, shuttle Endeavour returned home atop a Boeing 747 carrier jet to conclude the cross-country ferryflight.The C-17 pathfinder aircraft arrived first, followed by a thrilling ground-hugging flyby of the shuttle carrier. After a loop around, the 747 touched down at 2:45 p.m. EST December 12 on the spaceport’s three-mile-long runway.Photo credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight Now Credit: Justin Ray/Spaceflight NowAdditional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:CARRIER AIRCRAFT HEADS TO RUNWAY 04 VIDEO:SHUTTLE’S FERRYFLIGHT TAKES OFF FROM CALIFORNIA VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS FROM CHASE PLANE VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR LANDS AT EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 1 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 2 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 3 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 4 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA LOOKING OUT PILOT’S WINDOW VIDEO:BEHIND THE SCENES IN MISSION CONTROL VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS SURVEY SHUTTLE ON RUNWAY VIDEO:POST-FLIGHT COMMENTS FROM THE COMMANDER VIDEO:WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT FLIES AT EAFB VIDEO:DECISION MADE TO LAND IN CALIFORNIA VIDEO:SECOND FLORIDA OPPORTUNITY WAVED OFF VIDEO:LANDING DELAYED AT LEAST ONE ORBIT VIDEO:PROGRESS CARGO SHIP DOCKS TO SPACE STATION VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 16 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:PICOSAT LAUNCHED FROM ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:PRE-LANDING TESTS OF SHUTTLE’S FLIGHT CONTROLS VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS STOW SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR’S ROBOT ARM VIDEO:UNDOCKING REPLAY AS SEEN FROM PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:VIEWS OF THE SHUTTLE DURING FLYAROUND VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:MORE:MORE: | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Endeavour arrives in Fort WorthSpace shuttle Endeavour’s piggyback ride across the United States atop a modified Boeing 747 jumbojet reaches Fort Worth for refueling and an overnight layover at the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base.Photo credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight Now Credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight NowAdditional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:CARRIER AIRCRAFT HEADS TO RUNWAY 04 VIDEO:SHUTTLE’S FERRYFLIGHT TAKES OFF FROM CALIFORNIA VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS FROM CHASE PLANE VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR LANDS AT EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 1 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 2 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 3 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 4 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA LOOKING OUT PILOT’S WINDOW VIDEO:BEHIND THE SCENES IN MISSION CONTROL VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS SURVEY SHUTTLE ON RUNWAY VIDEO:POST-FLIGHT COMMENTS FROM THE COMMANDER VIDEO:WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT FLIES AT EAFB VIDEO:DECISION MADE TO LAND IN CALIFORNIA VIDEO:SECOND FLORIDA OPPORTUNITY WAVED OFF VIDEO:LANDING DELAYED AT LEAST ONE ORBIT VIDEO:PROGRESS CARGO SHIP DOCKS TO SPACE STATION VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 16 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:PICOSAT LAUNCHED FROM ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:PRE-LANDING TESTS OF SHUTTLE’S FLIGHT CONTROLS VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS STOW SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR’S ROBOT ARM VIDEO:UNDOCKING REPLAY AS SEEN FROM PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:VIEWS OF THE SHUTTLE DURING FLYAROUND VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:MORE:MORE: | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Endeavour departs Fort WorthBeginning the next leg of its cross-country ferryflight, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft with Endeavour takes off at 11:07 a.m. local time December 11 from the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base in Fort Worth, Texas.Photo credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight Now Credit: Stephen Clark/Spaceflight NowAdditional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:CARRIER AIRCRAFT HEADS TO RUNWAY 04 VIDEO:SHUTTLE’S FERRYFLIGHT TAKES OFF FROM CALIFORNIA VIDEO:AERIAL VIEWS FROM CHASE PLANE VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR LANDS AT EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 1 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 2 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 3 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 4 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA LOOKING OUT PILOT’S WINDOW VIDEO:BEHIND THE SCENES IN MISSION CONTROL VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS SURVEY SHUTTLE ON RUNWAY VIDEO:POST-FLIGHT COMMENTS FROM THE COMMANDER VIDEO:WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT FLIES AT EAFB VIDEO:DECISION MADE TO LAND IN CALIFORNIA VIDEO:SECOND FLORIDA OPPORTUNITY WAVED OFF VIDEO:LANDING DELAYED AT LEAST ONE ORBIT VIDEO:PROGRESS CARGO SHIP DOCKS TO SPACE STATION VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 16 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:PICOSAT LAUNCHED FROM ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:PRE-LANDING TESTS OF SHUTTLE’S FLIGHT CONTROLS VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS STOW SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR’S ROBOT ARM VIDEO:UNDOCKING REPLAY AS SEEN FROM PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:VIEWS OF THE SHUTTLE DURING FLYAROUND VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:MORE:MORE: | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Endeavour lands in CaliforniaThe voyage of space shuttle Endeavour that remodeled the interior of the international space station and prepared the outpost for doubling the size of its resident crews safely and successfully concludes with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California.Photo credit: Gene Blevins/LA Daily News Credit: Gene Blevins/LA Daily NewsAdditional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:ENDEAVOUR LANDS AT EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 1 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 2 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 3 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA 4 VIDEO:LANDING REPLAY: CAMERA LOOKING OUT PILOT’S WINDOW VIDEO:BEHIND THE SCENES IN MISSION CONTROL VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS SURVEY SHUTTLE ON RUNWAY VIDEO:POST-FLIGHT COMMENTS FROM THE COMMANDER VIDEO:WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT FLIES AT EAFB VIDEO:DECISION MADE TO LAND IN CALIFORNIA VIDEO:SECOND FLORIDA OPPORTUNITY WAVED OFF VIDEO:LANDING DELAYED AT LEAST ONE ORBIT VIDEO:PROGRESS CARGO SHIP DOCKS TO SPACE STATION VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 16 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:PICOSAT LAUNCHED FROM ENDEAVOUR VIDEO:PRE-LANDING TESTS OF SHUTTLE’S FLIGHT CONTROLS VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS STOW SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR’S ROBOT ARM VIDEO:UNDOCKING REPLAY AS SEEN FROM PAYLOAD BAY VIDEO:VIEWS OF THE SHUTTLE DURING FLYAROUND VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:LEFT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING UPWARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING INBOARD VIDEO:RIGHT-HAND BOOSTER CAMERA LOOKING DOWNWARD VIDEO:MORE:MORE: | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Spaceflight Now +Subscribe to Spaceflight Now Plus for access to our extensive video collections!STS-125: The missionA detailed step-by-step preview of space shuttle Atlantis’ STS-125 mission to extend the life and vision of the Hubble Space Telescope.STS-125: The EVAsThe lead spacewalk officer provides indepth explanations of the five EVAs to service Hubble during Atlantis’ flight.STS-125: The crewThe seven shuttle Atlantis astronauts hold a press conference one month before their planned launch to Hubble.STS-125: NASA leadersThe leaders of NASA’s Space Operations and Science directorates give their insights into the upcoming shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope.STS-125: Shuttle bossThe head of NASA’s space shuttle program discusses the risks and plans for Atlantis’ trek to Hubble.The Hubble programAn overview of the Hubble Space Telescope program and the planning that has gone into the final servicing mission.Hubble’s future scienceThe new instruments to be installed into Hubble and the future science objectives for the observatory are previewed.Atlantis on the padShuttle Atlantis makes the slow journey from the Vehicle Assembly Building to launch pad 39A for the STS-125 mission to service Hubble.Meet the Hubble crewMeet the crew launching on Atlantis’ STS-125 mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope and learn how each became an astronaut in this special biography movie.Endeavour nearing station for today’s rendezvous BY WILLIAM 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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: June 4, 2014 Without a substantial, long-term increase in funding, sustained political support across multiple administrations and extensive international participation, the United States will not be able to send humans to Mars before the middle of the century and possibly not even then, according to a National Research Council report released Wednesday. Hubble Space Telescope image of Mars. Credit: NASAThe long-awaited report — “Pathways to Exploration — Rationales and Approaches for a U.S. Program of Human Space Exploration” — was ordered by Congress in 2010 to review “the goals, core capabilities, and direction of human space flight.”The 285-page study looked into the technologies required for deep space exploration, political support, funding requirements, scientific objectives, international cooperation and feasible mission scenarios. The review panel concluded sending humans to Mars should be the long-range goal of NASA’s human exploration program, but only if the nation’s political leadership commits to long-term, sustained support.”For the foreseeable future, the only feasible destinations for human exploration are the Moon, asteroids, Mars, and the moons of Mars,” the report said. “Among this small set of plausible goals for human space exploration, the most distant and difficult is a landing by human beings on the surface of Mars — requiring overcoming unprecedented technical risk, fiscal risk, and programmatic challenges.”Thus the horizon goal for human space exploration is Mars. All long-range space programs, by all potential partners, for human space exploration converge on this goal.”The report did not recommend any specific mission architecture, but clearly favored a return to the moon as the foundation of a stepping-stone “pathways” approach to Mars. Near-term moon missions presumably would attract more international cooperation and public support than the Obama administration’s current plan to bypass the moon in favor of a near-term asteroid capture mission to perfect the technologies needed to reach the red planet.As for the rest of the solar system, “the development challenges associated with any solar system destinations beyond the Earth-Moon system, Earth-Sun Lagrange points, near-Earth asteroids, and Mars are profoundly daunting, involve huge masses of propellant, and have budgets measured in trillions of dollars,” the report concluded.Getting to Mars will be challenge enough, especially given the panel’s conclusion that public support for space exploration, while generally positive, does not appear to extend to greatly increased budgets.Panel co-chair Mitch Daniels, former governor of Indiana, said the committee members “recognize that many of our recommendations will be seen by many as unrealistic, to which we would only observe that absent changes along the lines we are recommending, the goal of reaching Mars on any meaningful timeframe is itself unrealistic.”Even so, he said the panel members are optimistic about the future.”We believe the public will support it, we believe the rationales justify it, we believe the achievement would be monumental,” he said during a briefing. “But we think there is really one, and possibly only one way to get there. We’ve offered it up in this report.” A National Research Council graph showing that “as long as flat NASA human spaceflight budgets are continued, NASA will be unable to conduct any human space exploration programs beyond cislunar space. The only pathways that successfully land humans on the surface of Mars require spending to rise above inflation for an extended period. . Credit: NRCA key theme in the report was sustained multi-decade funding. Any program aimed at Mars must be adequately funded or “it will not succeed,” the report said. “Nor can it succeed without a sustained commitment on the part of those who govern the nation — a commitment that does not change direction with succeeding electoral cycles. Those branches of government responsible for NASA’s funding and guidance are therefore critical enablers of the nation’s investment and achievements in human spaceflight.”John Logsdon, a space historian and former director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, said the NRC’s review is “another, and probably the most frank, in the line of reports that say we can’t get there from here the way we’re going. The word ‘unsustainable’ appears in this report, once again.”The International Space Station cost approximately $150 billion spread out over three decades, including the cost of shuttle assembly flights. In comparison, the NRC committee said the cost of a human flight to Mars would be two to four times the cost of the space station, or the equivalent of 75 to 150 “flagship” robotic missions in the $1 billion to $2 billion price range like the Mars Curiosity Rover and Cassini Saturn orbiter.Assuming NASA’s budget is adjusted for inflation only, and assuming a Mars program cost of around $400 billion, “a pathway to Mars cannot be achieved before roughly 2060,” the panel concluded. “An alternative way to look at this information is that to achieve a landing prior to 2050 and still be affordable, the pathway to Mars would have to be technically feasible and cost less than (about) $220 billion.”With budget increases limited to matching inflation “there are no viable pathways to Mars” in the near term, the report says. “A continuation of flat budgets for human spaceflight is insufficient for NASA to execute any pathway to Mars and limits human spaceflight to LEO (low-Earth orbit) until after the end of the ISS (International Space Station) program.”NASA’s human spaceflight budget would need an annual increase of 5 percent or more to “enable pathways with potentially viable mission rates, greatly reducing technical, cost, and schedule risk.”The need for sustained political support was cited repeatedly, a reminder of the turmoil NASA has experienced across the Bush and Obama administrations, including two major policy changes. Artist’s concept of NASA’s Orion spacecraft on a human visit to an asteroid as part of the agency’s proposed asteroid retrieval mission. Credit: NASAAt the turn of the century, NASA was focused on building the International Space Station and planned to operate the space shuttle through 2020.But on Feb. 1, 2003, the shuttle Columbia burned up during re-entry and the following January, President Bush ordered a change of course. NASA was told to finish the space station and retire the shuttle by the end of the decade and to focus instead on building new rockets and spacecraft for a return to the moon in the early 2020s.A few years later, NASA endured another jarring change when the Obama administration cancelled the Constellation moon program, concluding it was too expensive and unsustainable. In its place, NASA was directed to build a new heavy lift rocket to boost the Constellation program’s Orion crew capsule into deep space for flights to a nearby asteroid in the mid 2020s with an eventual flight to Mars in the mid 2030s.At the same time, NASA was directed to fund the development of commercial spacecraft to ferry astronauts to and from the space station.More recently, the Obama administration has called for an asteroid retrieval mission, using a robotic spacecraft to capture a small asteroid and tow it back to the vicinity of the moon where astronauts in Orion spacecraft could carry out a hands-on investigation. The Obama space policy bypasses the moon and views the International Space Station and the asteroid retrieval mission as stepping stones for eventual Mars exploration.The NRC report does not favor any specific mission architecture, but it noted that the asteroid retrieval mission, or ARM, has failed to attract widespread support from the scientific community or the public and that international interest in a cooperative venture has not yet materialized.”While this report’s recommendation for adoption of a pathways approach is made without prejudice as to which particular pathway might be followed, it was, nevertheless, clear to the committee … that a return to extended surface operations on the Moon would make significant contributions to a strategy ultimately aimed at landing people on Mars.”A return to the moon “is also likely to provide a broad array of opportunities for international and commercial cooperation.” Artist’s concept of NASA’s Orion spacecraft at the moon. Credit: NASA/ESAThe report also lamented current U.S. policy that forbids NASA from engaging in cooperative space ventures with China. An eventual human mission to Mars will require extensive international cooperation, the report said, on a scale that greatly exceeds that of the International Space Station project.”It is evident that U.S. near-term goals for human exploration are not aligned with those of our traditional international partners,” the report said. “While most major spacefaring nations and agencies are looking toward the Moon and, specifically, the lunar surface, U.S. plans are focused on redirection of an asteroid into a retrograde lunar orbit, where astronauts would conduct operations with it.”It is also evident that given the rapid development of China’s capabilities in space, it is in the best interests of the United States to be open to its inclusion in future international partnerships. In particular, current federal law preventing NASA from participating in bilateral activities with the Chinese serves only to hinder U.S. ability to bring China into its sphere of international partnerships and reduces substantially the potential international capability that might be pooled to reach Mars.”China aside, NASA said in a statement that it welcomed the NRC report, saying it “complements the agency’s on-going approach.”"NASA has made significant progress on many key elements that will be needed to reach Mars, and we continue on this path in collaboration with industry and other nations,” the statement said. “We intend to thoroughly review the report and all of its recommendations.”John Glenn Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The historic first orbital flight by an American is marked by this commemorative patch for John Glenn and Friendship 7.Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is available in our store. Get this piece of history!Celebrate the shuttle programFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This special commemorative patch marks the retirement of NASA’s Space Shuttle Program. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.’Flying saucer’ test vehicle, parachute recovered BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: May 1, 2014 The U.S. Court of Federal Appeals has issued a temporary injunction barring United Launch Alliance from purchasing Russian engines and hardware for its venerable Atlas 5 rocket following a complaint by SpaceX alleging such sales violate U.S. sanctions imposed in the wake of Russia’s actions in Ukraine. File photo of an RD-180 engine on the first stage of an Atlas 5 rocket. Credit: NASA/KSCIn a complaint filed Monday, SpaceX also claims a sole-source Air Force contract with ULA for 27 Atlas 5 and Delta 4 rockets, a five-year “block buy” valued at $11 billion, should be reversed and opened to competition.ULA, a partnership between Boeing and Lockheed Martin, claims SpaceX’s relatively new Falcon 9 rocket was not fully certified for national security missions at the time the contract was awarded last December and that ULA’s family of Atlas and Delta boosters represented the only proven rockets available at the time for critical military launches.By purchasing a large block of rockets at one time, the Air Force will save some $4 billion, ULA says. SpaceX, not surprisingly, disagrees, saying its Falcon 9 rockets would cost taxpayers much less. And the company challenged existing policy that allows the use of Russian engines in a rocket used to launch U.S. spy satellites.The RD-180 engine, built by NPO Energomash, has powered the first stage of ULA’s Atlas 5 rocket for the past two decades. The engines are marketed by RD AMROSS, a partnership between Energomash and U.S. engine builder Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. Their major U.S. customer is United Launch Alliance.In the complaint filed Monday, SpaceX said “the Russian space and defense industries are led by Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister of Russia. Mr. Rogozin is on the United States’ sanctions list as a result of Russia’s annexation of the Crimea.”In other words,” SpaceX alleged, “under the ULA contract, the Air Force is sending millions of dollars directly to an entity controlled by Russia and to an industry led by an individual identified for sanctions.”Rogozin has ridiculed such claims, tweeting that people suggesting he personally profits from such transactions are “morons.” In a subsequent tweet after SpaceX filed its complaint, he reportedly said that “after analyzing the sanctions against our space industry I suggest the US delivers its astronauts to the ISS with a trampoline.”Rogozin was referring to NASA’s use of Russian Soyuz spacecraft to ferry U.S. and allied astronauts to and from the International Space Station.SpaceX is competing for a NASA contract to build a new crewed spacecraft to carry astronauts to low-Earth orbit as a commercial venture. Two other companies in that competition — Boeing and Sierra Nevada Corp. — plan to use the Atlas 5 to boost their spacecraft into orbit.The SpaceX complaint suggested ULA was attempting to speed up delivery of RD-180 engines as a result of the recent sanctions, adding that “it is hard to imagine any way in which entrenching reliance on Russian rocket engines while funding the Russian military industrial complex with U.S. tax dollars serves national security interests.”Judge Susan G. Braden granted a temporary injunction Wednesday night barring United Launch Alliance and its subsidiaries “from making any purchases from or payment of money to NPO Energomash or any entity … that is subject to the control of Deputy Prime Minister Rogozin” until the court gets opinions from the departments of State, Commerce and Treasury that such payments would not violate the sanctions against Rogozin.United Launch Alliance said in a statement it was “deeply concerned” by the ruling and will work with the Department of Justice to resolve the matter as quickly as possible. The company has said it already has enough RD-180 engines in the United States to support missions planned for the next two years.”SpaceX’s attempt to disrupt a national security launch contract so long after the award ignores the potential implications to our national security and our nation’s ability to put Americans on board the International Space Station,” ULA said.The company said NASA and “numerous other companies” routinely — and lawfully — conduct business with Energomash and other Russian space entities.”This opportunistic action by SpaceX appears to be an attempt to circumvent the requirements imposed on those who seek to meet the challenging launch needs of the nation and to avoid having to follow the rules, regulations and standards expected of a company entrusted to support our nation’s most sensitive missions,” ULA said in its statement.Boeing, which designed the Delta 4 family of rockets, and Lockheed Martin, designer of the Atlas 5, initially competed for military and civilian launch contracts, but joined forces as part of an Air Force decision to keep both production lines open to ensure access to space for high-priority national security payloads.Since the company’s founding, ULA has launched more than 80 successful missions in a row, including spy satellites, military voice and data relay stations, weather satellites, navigation beacons and NASA science spacecraft, including the Curiosity Mars rover.SpaceX, founded by internet entrepreneur Elon Musk, holds a $1.6 billion contract with NASA to launch at least 12 uncrewed cargo ships to the International Space Station using the company’s Falcon 9 rocket. The Falcon 9 version 1.1 rocket also is used to launch commercial communications satellites.SpaceX has launched nine Falcon 9 missions, all of them successful, and Musk believes his rockets offer a reliable, lower-cost alternative for military payloads in the Falcon 9′s lift capability.ULA was awarded the block buy contract last December, before SpaceX’s upgraded Falcon 9 version 1.1 rocket had met Air Force certification requirements. SpaceX has since completed the flight requirement — three successful launchings in a row — and is in the process of working through remaining engineering reviews.Musk claims Air Force launch vehicle certification is required before a company can be cleared to launch a military payload, but says it is not required to compete for a launch contract.John Glenn Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The historic first orbital flight by an American is marked by this commemorative patch for John Glenn and Friendship 7.Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is available in our store. Get this piece of history!Celebrate the shuttle programFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This special commemorative patch marks the retirement of NASA’s Space Shuttle Program. 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The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Journey of shuttle Endeavour through Los Angeles beginsSPACEFLIGHT NOWPosted: October 12, 2012After flying in space 25 times and logging 123 million miles, the final journey of the shuttle Endeavour that promises to be a grand spectacle got underway today as the retired spaceplane began a 12-mile procession through the city streets of Los Angeles.Endeavour traverses along LAX. Credit: Walter Scriptunas II/Spaceflight NowEndeavour is headed for display at the California Science Center, a children’s learning complex in Exposition Park that will showcase the decommissioned spacecraft as a tool of inspiration to kids.”These vehicles have never been been in a mass population like that before, in a somewhat uncontrolled environment. That makes me a little nervous. California Science Center, they respect and love these vehicles just as much as we do, so they are going to do everything they can and need to do to protect them,” Stephanie Stilson, the NASA official in charge of decommissioning the space shuttle orbiters, said in a recent interview.”Nearly 700 Los Angeles Police Department’s Cadets and volunteers from throughout the community have been dedicated to assist with ensuring Endeavour reaches its destination,” Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck said. “This event allows us to both show case the Endeavour and the remarkable youth of our community that have dedicated their weekend to keeping us safe.”We will be posting updates as events occur in our journal.If you will be away from your computer but would like to receive occasional updates, sign up for our to get text message updates sent to your cellphone. U.S. readers can also sign up from their phone by texting “follow spaceflightnow” to 40404. (Standard text messaging charges apply.)Mobile pictures and quick updates will be posted on our page!Credit: Walter Scriptunas II/Spaceflight NowThe trip departed the United Airlines hangar that had stored Endeavour at 11:25 p.m. local and turned into the streets began at 2:30 a.m. as Endeavour emerged from the Los Angeles International Airport, where the ship was delivered piggyback atop a 747 carrier aircraft on Sept. 21 and had spent the subsequent weeks waiting for this date that was coordinated long in advance.”Endeavour is a unique item and its transportation presents a unique challenge,” LA Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said. “Never before has an item of this size traversed our City streets. While this once-in-a-lifetime event is a cause for celebration, public safety remains the city’s top priority. We encourage the public to view Endeavour as it travels through the streets of Los Angeles, but urge that we do so in the safest manner possible.”With an international contingent of news media clamoring for a spot along chainlink fencing to image the shuttle and hundreds of citizens clustered to catch a glimpse of the space shuttle as it exited LAX and made her way down Westchester Parkway.Complex scheduling between local authorities and utility companies agreed on the exact timing to haul Endeavour along the choreographed route, taking down power lines, city lights and traffic signals to get the shuttle through, then restoring the services as quickly as possible to lessen the disruption to residents and businesses.Endeavour traverses along LAX. Credit: Walter Scriptunas II/Spaceflight NowThe chopping down of trees, numbering a few hundred and ranging from tiny to towering timbers, however, did not enthuse the locals about the space shuttle’s passage. California Science Center will replace the trees on a three-to-one basis and the associated foundation says it will provide two years of maintenance on the new plantings.”Nothing was done without a lot of consideration. We have worked very closely with the California Science Center and we went with the best option, the only option we had. You can’t just go take the wings off, it’s not like an airplane. I can confidently say that we evaluated every option and California Science Center picked the one that was the best,” Stilson said.”Once we get through the process, I think everyone are going to be very happy because it is going to be an awesome sight seeing Endeavour going down the streets of Los Angeles and through Inglewood.”Credit: Walter Scriptunas II/Spaceflight NowWhile NASA officials are interested observers today and tomorrow, they have no direct responsibility for moving Endeavour. That duty belongs to the California Science Center, which now has sole custody and title ownership of the spaceplane.”Building Endeavour was a marvel of ingenuity and engineering,” Villaraigosa said. “Moving Endeavour will also be a marvel of ingenuity and engineering. Every step of the way, we have worked to mitigate the concerns of the community. Thanks to this hard work, we expect that the transportation of Endeavour will be celebrated as a truly unique event in our city’s history. We urge all those who are interested in viewing this once in a lifetime event to visit the shuttle at one of the designated viewing locations or at its new home at the California Science Center.”Public events are planned for Saturday at 9 a.m. outside the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, a Debbie Allen-produced dance celebration at 2 p.m. in the intersection of Crenshaw Blvd. and Martin Luther King Blvd. and the California Science Center arrival itself around 9 p.m.”Due to the tremendous size of Endeavour, streets along with sidewalks will be closed to vehicles and pedestrians to ensure public safety. The public should anticipate traffic delays on the route and in the surrounding areas throughout the Endeavor’s last mission,” a statement from the Los Angeles Police Department read.”Sidewalk closures along the route may be opened as determined by the Unified Command based on street width, fixed obstacles, and public safety issues on a block-by-block basis. Unified Command realizes the inconvenience ‘Mission 26′ is having on local communities and will make every effort to balance both the needs of the public with the goal of getting Endeavour to its new home.”Credit: Walter Scriptunas II/Spaceflight NowAuthorities says free parking at the Hollywood Park Race Track is available for the Forum event starting at 4 a.m. local. For the MLK Blvd. event, there will be a dedicated area for the public to stand and view the stage, the LAPD says, north on Crenshaw Blvd. from MLK. But space is limited. For the CSC arrival starting at 8:30 p.m., four parking lots have been dedicated for public viewing between Bill Robertson Lane and Vermont Ave., north of MLK. Mass transit is recommended and available via the Expo Rail and bus line running along Exposition Blvd., officials said.”We urge the public to arrive early, be prepared to stand long hours, and remember to bring water, snacks, sun block, hats, and chairs. In addition, spectators traveling from distant communities are reminded to please be respectful of private property,” the LAPD says.STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.STS-133 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Discovery is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-133. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. 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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: February 28, 2006If NASA can get the shuttle Discovery off the ground on the second post-Columbia mission this spring or summer, the agency will have a realistic shot at launching three flights this year, program manager Wayne Hale told reporters today.But the shuttle program faces a wide variety of complex technical challenges as it readies Discovery for launch as early as May 10, including critical wind tunnel tests to prove external tank modifications will work as expected; engineering studies to determine whether additional changes are needed; resolution of main engine seal and contamination concerns; and a success-oriented processing schedule that assumes no major problems develop between now and then.Even so, Hale said he remains “very optimistic that if we can fly in May or July, that we’ll get three flights, three shuttle flights, up in this calendar year.”That assumes, of course, that no large pieces of foam insulation break away from shuttle fuel tanks during launch and that whatever debris does fall off doesn’t cause any serious damage.”It does depend on what happens with those flights because when we get back from a mission, we have to review what happened and see if there’s anything that affects the next flight,” Hale said.”We have been holding a series of management meetings to make sure we have the right resources staged to be able to look at any in-flight anomalies and come a resolution on them in the 10 or so weeks we’d have between flights. That is going to be a challenge to change from this kind of interregnum period, where we’ve had lots and lots of time to work on anything and everything to the maximum extent possible down to something that says well, we need to kind of turn the crank here and do what is reasonable and proper, surely, but probably not guild the lily. … I remain optimistic that if we fly this summer, we’ll be able to get three flights off this calendar year. But time will tell.”Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:TUESDAY’S SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM NEWS BRIEFINGDIAL-UP: and BROADBAND: and Discovery’s revamped external tank, which departed Lockheed Martin’s Michoud Assembly Facility near New Orleans by barge on Saturday, is expected to arrive at the Kennedy Space Center Wednesday afternoon, 70 days before the proposed May 10 target launch date. The tank was shipped with up to 10 days of potential work left to sculpt foam insulation around brackets carrying external pressurization lines. Engineers are still debating whether the so-called ice/frost ramps need additional modification or whether they’re good to go as is.”The real tough question is, will we come to a reasonable consensus that we have done enough to mitigate foam loss once again,” he said. “And there are probably a dozen other issues that we’re looking at on a daily basis. One of those could turn out to be a speed bump. But as of today, I see no reason to say anything other than we are progressing toward May. I remain optimistic. There’s a lot of work to be done. I will commit to you and to the team and to the crew that we won’t proceed until we have done the work that we need to do to prove it’s safe to fly.”Hale will chair a program requirements control board – PRCB – meeting Thursday that will consider making the following dates “no-earlier-than” launch targets:STS-121/ET-119 (Discovery/ISS-ULF 1.1): 05/10/06STS-300/ET-118 (Atlantis/emergency rescue mission): 08/04/06 (if needed)STS-115/ET-118 (Atlantis/ISS-12A): 08/28/06 (NOTE: one day before actual opening of launch window; based on processing strategy)STS-301/ET-123 (Discovery/emergency rescue mission): 10/28/06 (if needed)STS-116/ET-123 (Endeavour/ISS-12A.1): 11/16/06 (NASA is expected to use Discovery for this flight because of workforce/processing issues that have delayed completion of a major overhaul of Endeavour)Because of photo-documentation requirements to launch the next flight in daylight, and to ensure external tank separation in daylight half a world away, NASA has to deal with limited launch windows. The next three useable windows are May 3-22; July 1-19; and Aug. 29-Sept. 14. NASA would give up the daylight launch constraint for an emergency mission and may give it up for flights after May if the upcoming mission suffers no major foam loss and if ongoing analysis shows new cameras and radar systems could detect debris shedding in darkness.As it now stands, NASA will be extremely hard pressed to make May 10. Launch director Mike Leinbach said the processing schedule has no built-in contingency time to handle unexpected problems.”External tanks typically are not in the critical path for a launch,” he said. “That’s not the case this time. This time, when the tank shows up it is in the critical path to get to a May launch attempt. … We used to provide on the order of 25 to 30 days of contingency in the whole processing flow, from the tank, through the SRBs, the orbiter processing and the vertical flow out at the launch pad. What we’ve done this time is, we’ve put together a schedule that has no contingency in it.”Some people could call that an aggressive schedule. I like to call it an exciting schedule. It has a reasonable chance of success. If we run into a significant technical issue, we don’t have much time to resolve it, obviously. But barring the big ‘gotcha’ in the processing, we feel pretty good about making that schedule.”An official launch date will not be set until much later in the processing flow and “we will run right down to the wire to whatever the launch date turns out to be,” Hale said of the ongoing work and analyses. “Right now, I have asked, we’ve put in a request for the team to evaluate a May 10 launch date. We’re going to review the response to that request on Thursday. I expect, and already have been given some hints, that there are going to be some poke outs. The question is not are there poke outs, the question is how many and can we mitigate them. … We’re going to have a very interesting discussion Thursday.”The major change to the shuttle’s external fuel tank is removal of two protuberance air-load – PAL – ramps that ran up the lower hydrogen section of the tank and the upper oxygen section. The ramps were in place to shield two external pressurization lines and a critical cable tray from potentially damaging aerodynamic buffeting as the shuttle rockets through the sound barrier shortly after launch.But during Discovery’s launch on the first post-Columbia mission last July, a large piece of the hydrogen PAL ramp broke off. In the wake of that incident, NASA managers decided to re-evaluate the engineering justification for the PAL ramps and tentatively concluded, based on computer modeling, that the design was overly conservative and that the ramps weren’t needed.The ramps were then removed from ET-119 and the huge tank was shipped to Florida on the assumption upcoming high-speed wind tunnel tests using mock ups of tank hardware will confirm computational fluid dynamics modeling. If they don’t, all bets are off.”The computer simulations and the paper analysis indicates that the structure should be able to take the aerodynamic loads that we generate on the cable tray, particularly after we removed the PAL ramp. But the proof is in the wind tunnel testing. We’ve got a series of wind tunnel tests, the first kicks off in just a couple of weeks at the Glenn Research Center, and we hope to get the data that will confirm what we hope is conservative engineering analysis on paper. If we find a surprise in the wind tunnel … then we’ll go deal with that.”When we look forward to the launch date, the thing that is going to pace getting Discovery off the ground is not the work that we’re doing at the Kennedy Space Center, because we believe we have that well in hand and know what to do, but it is the engineering analysis and tests that go toward proving that what we have assembled on the launch pad is safe to fly.”Overall, NASA engineers believe changes to the tank in the wake of Discovery’s last mission will limit the size of any foam debris to small one-ounce chunks the size of a matchbox or smaller. The chunk of foam that came off during the July mission weighed more than a pound. Other areas of foam loss also have been addressed.”Just to make it perfectly clear to you, foam will still come off the tank after we have done all of these mitigation efforts,” Hale said. “What we have done is worked off all the large pieces and we believe the pieces that come off will be small. … Our task ahead of us is to ensure that all of these very small pieces of foam, most of them less than an ounce, will be of a size that they cannot have enough energy to do damage if they strike the orbiter. So that is work ahead of us.”I wanted to make sure everyone understands we are trying to eliminate critical foam loss, but we will expect to see foam coming off this next tank. As we go forward in the manifest for the next several flights, we’ll continue to make improvements so we can eliminate even smaller and smaller pieces of foam loss.”Along with final tank modifications, the wind tunnel testing and on-going analysis of the launch debris environment, NASA also faces additional work to complete servicing of Discovery’s heat shield tiles and resolution of concern about out-of-specification main engine seals and metallic debris trapped in a main propulsion system oxygen propellant line.Hale said he is optimistic the seal issue will not hold up the launch even though at least some of the six seals in question do not meet printed specifications. The propulsion system has passed a helium signature leak test and engineers currently are evaluating whether the fact that some of the seals are slightly too thin could cause any problems. If worse comes to worse, the current seals can be replaced – even at the launch pad – but it’s not clear if such work could be done in time to support a May 10 launch attempt.The other propulsion system issue – debris trapped in a main engine liquid oxygen inlet filter – is less clear cut. At issue is the nature of the debris. If it is made of titanium, it could pose an ignition threat during engine operation. There is no titanium in the liquid oxygen system and engineers say it’s probably a metal that poses no threat. But they can’t prove it. The debris cannot be removed without breaking open the propulsion system, which engineers don’t want to do out of fear the fix might cause additional problems.”We can’t get it out,” said Leinbach. “To open up the system, to clean the screen, is an extensive job. It still fits the processing flow, but it’s an extensive job, one that we don’t want to do. But if the program decides it’s a risk to flying and we need to pull it out, we’ll do it.”Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Project OrionThe Orion crew exploration vehicle is NASA’s first new human spacecraft developed since the space shuttle a quarter-century earlier. The capsule is one of the key elements of returning astronauts to the Moon.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store.Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Expedition 21The official embroidered patch for the International Space Station Expedition 21 crew is now available from our stores.Hubble PatchThe official embroidered patch for mission STS-125, the space shuttle’s last planned service call to the Hubble Space Telescope, is available for purchase.–> | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Shuttle Discovery cleared for launch BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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Station solar wing to be folded up today BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: June 19, 2007The Atlantis astronauts are preparing to undock from the international space station this morning after a dramatic visit highlighted by installation of a new set of solar arrays and recovery from major computer problems on the lab complex.”It’s really exciting to see the station in this configuration,” said Flight Director Holly Ridings. “I think we all feel like we’ve accomplished the mission objectives. … There were certainly a lot of things to overcome, but in spite of all those surprises we managed to do what we always do and meet our mission objectives and have a successful mission.”The space station has a new look with the retraction of the P6-2B solar panel and installation of the new S3/S4 solar array truss segment on the right side of the lab’s main solar power truss. The station now sports two huge solar panels mounted on each end of the power truss, slowly rotating like giant paddle wheels to track the sun.Flight controllers will get a chance to take in the station’s new look during a one-lap fly-around by Atlantis after undocking to photograph the outpost from different angles.Flight controllers successfully tested the station’s orientation control system Monday to make sure revived computers in the Russian segment of the lab complex will be able to keep the outpost properly oriented after Atlantis departs. There were no problems and while troubleshooting continues to find the original cause of the computer problems, engineers are confident the system is healthy.”The international space station right now is in very, very good shape,” Ridings said. “The other thing we did yesterday was do our test on the Russian thrusters, both with the (Russian) terminal computer controlling as the brains of the operation and then the U.S. navigation computer controlling it. Both of those activities went nominal, there were no problems, no issues.”We should expect it to work just fine today,” she said. “We certainly still have a lot of work to do in terms of the root cause, but as far as getting everything back up and running, we’re very, very comfortable those systems and processes are on line and running properly.”Undocking is expected at 10:42 a.m. Here is an updated timeline of today’s activities (in EDT and mission elapsed time; includes rev. O of the NASA television schedule):DATE/EDT…DD…HH…MM…EVENT06/19/0706:38 AM…10…11…00…STS/ISS crew wakeup08:43 AM…10…13…05…Group C computer powerup08:58 AM…10…13…20…Group B computer powerup09:28 AM…10…13…50…Centerline camera installation09:31 AM…10…13…53…Sunrise09:53 AM…10…14…15…U.S. arrays feathered09:59 AM…10…14…21…Noon10:26 AM…10…14…48…Sunset10:27 AM…10…14…49…Last Russian ground station loss of signal10:37 AM…10…14…59…Russian arrays feathered10:42 AM…10…15…04…UNDOCKING10:43 AM…10…15…05…Initial orbiter separation (+10 seconds)10:44 AM…10…15…06…ISS holds current attitude10:47 AM…10…15…09…Range: 50 feet; reselect -X jets10:49 AM…10…15…11…Range: 75 feet; low-Z jets10:50 AM…10…15…12…Russian arrays resume auto sun tracking11:02 AM…10…15…24…Sunrise11:11 AM…10…15…33…Range: 400 feet; start flyaround11:21 AM…10…15…43…Range: 600 feet11:23 AM…10…15…45…Shuttle directly above ISS11:24 AM…10…15…46…ISS maneuvers to XVV TEA11:29 AM…10…15…51…U.S. arrays resume sun auto track11:30 AM…10…15…52…Noon11:34 AM…10…15…56…Shuttle directly behind ISS11:46 AM…10…16…08…Shuttle directly below ISS11:57 AM…10…16…19…Separation burn No. 111:58 AM…10…16…20…Sunset12:23 PM…10…16…45…PMA-2 depressurization12:25 PM…10…16…47…Separation burn No. 212:28 PM…10…16…50…Group B computer powerdown12:28 PM…10…16…50…Shuttle robot arm powerup12:58 PM…10…17…20…Crew meals begin01:58 PM…10…18…20…Heat shield inspection boom unberth02:43 PM…10…19…05…Starboard wing survey03:58 PM…10…20…20…Nose cap survey04:28 PM…10…20…50…EVA unpack and stow04:58 PM…10…21…20…Port wing survey04:58 PM…10…21…20…Post EVA entry prep05:00 PM…10…21…22…Mission status briefing on NTV06:18 PM…10…22…40…Inspection boom berthing06:53 PM…10…23…15…Robot arm powerdown06:53 PM…10…23…15…Orbit adjust rocket firing window10:08 PM…11…02…30…STS crew sleep begins11:00 PM…11…03…22…Daily video highlights reel on NTVAdditional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 11 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:MONDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:TWO CREWS’ FAREWELL CEREMONY VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 10 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:POST-SPACEWALK STATUS UPDATE VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH LEAD EVA OFFICER VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 9 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:IN-FLIGHT CREW NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:SATURDAY MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FRIDAY NIGHT MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FRIDAY MID-DAY COMPUTER UPDATE VIDEO:SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER ONBOARD LAUNCH CAMERAS VIDEO:SECOND SOLAR WING FULLY DEPLOYED VIDEO:SECOND SOLAR WING DEPLOYED HALF-WAY VIDEO:FIRST SOLAR WING FULLY DEPLOYED VIDEO:FIRST SOLAR WING DEPLOYED HALF-WAY VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 4 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:POST-SPACEWALK STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:BRIEFING ON MISSION EXTENSION PLANS VIDEO:SPACEWALK No. 1 BEGINS VIDEO:NARRATED PREVIEW OF THE SPACEWALKS VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 3 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:SUNDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:SHUTTLE CREW WELCOMED ABOARD STATION VIDEO:ATLANTIS DOCKS WITH THE SPACE STATION VIDEO:WATCH THE RENDEZVOUS BACKFLIP MANUEVER VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 2 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:SATURDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 1 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:INSIDE MISSION CONTROL DURING LAUNCH VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: VIEW FROM COMPLEX 41 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD PERIMETER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: THE VAB ROOF VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: THE PRESS SITE VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: UCS-23 TRACKER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD FRONT CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA AT THE BEACH VIDEO:LAUNCH OF ATLANTIS! VIDEO:FULL LENGTH MOVIE OF ASCENT TO ORBIT VIDEO:EXTERNAL TANK ONBOARD VIDEO CAMERA VIDEO:POST-LAUNCH PRESS CONFERENCE VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS DEPART QUARTERS FOR THE PAD VIDEO:PAD’S ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE RETRACTED VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS FROM ATLANTIS’ LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PAYLOAD’S LAUNCH CAMPAIGN MORE:STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.STS-133 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Discovery is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-133. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Atlantis sails to space with station power module BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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EDUCATION: Graduated from Temple City High School, Temple City, California, in 1978; received a bachelor of science degree in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1982, and a master of science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1990.
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: March 15, 2007 Workers examine the very top of the external tank. Credit: NASA-KSCSenior NASA managers, including agency Administrator Mike Griffin, plan to meet late next week to assess the shuttle Atlantis’s hail-damaged external tank, what will be needed to repair it and when the shuttle, originally scheduled for launch March 15, might be able to take off on a space station assembly mission.Program managers continue to hold out hope the damage can be fixed before the current shuttle launch window closes May 21. But repairs near the tip of the tank, which experiences the most extreme heating and buffeting during ascent, will require engineers to spray on new foam insulation. That is considered a “non-standard” repair and it will require a detailed engineering analysis to ensure the new foam can stand up to the aerodynamic and thermal rigors of launch, at least until the shuttle is out of the dense lower atmosphere.”They are still hopeful they can develop flight rationale that will say this is a safe tank,” said a NASA official familiar with the ongoing assessment.Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale today cleared tank workers to begin repairing damage that can be fixed by so-called “sand-and-blend” techniques or filling in isolated dings and pits, both considered “standard” repairs. No spraying will be attempted until engineers practice with a mockup.Engineers are hopeful the tank can be fixed during a somewhat arbitrarily defined 45-day processing flow that would lead to a launch around May 11. But that is little more than a best-case hope at present and it assumes program managers decide it is safe to press ahead with the manual spraying required to fix the current tank.NASA could opt to move Atlantis to the tank scheduled for use by the shuttle Endeavour on the next shuttle mission, STS-118, a tank that is scheduled to arrive at the Kennedy Space Center in early April. Switching to that tank, however, would delay the Atlantis launch until around June 21 at the earliest and delay Endeavour’s flight to late August. Subsequent flights would be similarly affected.Even if NASA ultimately moves Atlantis to Endeavour’s tank, the current hail-damaged tank will still be repaired at the Kennedy Space Center. NASA managers have decided repair crews would have better access at Kennedy than at Lockheed Martin’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans.The long-term ramifications of a delay to mid May or late June are not yet clear. Shuttle managers believe they can eventually make up the lost time but with the shuttle program scheduled to end in 2010, “the clock is ticking,” said one official. Falling behind now would make it more difficult to recover from problems down the road.In the near term, the current launch window closes May 21 and reopens June 8, based on thermal issues related to the space station’s orbit. The only other known deadline affecting STS-117 launch options involves the age of Atlantis’s boosters. Officials say one or more segments will be five years old on July 8, the currently certified maximum age for booster segment propellant loads.John Glenn Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The historic first orbital flight by an American is marked by this commemorative patch for John Glenn and Friendship 7.Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is available in our store. Get this piece of history!Celebrate the shuttle programFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This special commemorative patch marks the retirement of NASA’s Space Shuttle Program. Available in our store!Anniversary Shuttle PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!This embroidered patch commemorates the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program. The design features the space shuttle Columbia’s historic maiden flight of April 12, 1981.Mercury anniversaryFree shipping to U.S. addresses!Celebrate the 50th anniversary of Alan Shephard’s historic Mercury mission with this collectors’ item, the official commemorative embroidered patch.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Spaceflight Now +Premium video content for our Spaceflight Now Plus .STS-3: Unique landingColumbia’s STS-3 mission is best remembered in the history books for its conclusion — the first and so far only landing at the picturesque Northrup Strip at White Sands, New Mexico. In this post-flight presentation film, the crew describes the highlights of the March 1982 mission and shows some of the fun they had in orbit. The commander also tells how he accidentally “popped a wheelie” before bringing the nose gear down to the runway surface. STS-4: Last test flightThe developmental test flights of the space shuttle concluded with Columbia’s STS-4 mission. Commander Ken Mattingly and pilot Henry Hartsfield spent a week in space examining orbiter systems and running science experiments. The 1982 flight ended on the Fourth of July with President Reagan at the landing site to witness Columbia’s return and the new orbiter Challenger leaving for Kennedy Space Center. Watch this STS-4 post-flight crew presentation film.Spaceflight Now +Premium video content for our Spaceflight Now Plus .STS-1: America’s first space shuttle missionThe space shuttle era was born on April 12, 1981 when astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen rode Columbia into Earth orbit from Kennedy Space Center’s launch pad 39A. The two-day flight proved the shuttle could get into space as a rocket and return safely with a runway landing. Following the voyage of STS-1, the two astronauts narrated this film of the mission highlights and told some of their personal thoughts on the flight. STS-2: First reusable spaceshipSeven months after the successful maiden voyage of space shuttle Columbia, astronauts Joe Engle and Richard Truly took the orbiter back into space on mission STS-2. The November 12, 1981 launch demonstrated that the space shuttle was the world’s first reusable manned spacecraft. Although their mission would be cut short, Engle and Truly performed the first tests of the shuttle’s Canadian-made robotic arm. The crew tells the story of the mission in this post-flight presentation.Spaceflight Now +Premium video content for our Spaceflight Now Plus .STS-1: America’s first space shuttle missionThe space shuttle era was born on April 12, 1981 when astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen rode Columbia into Earth orbit from Kennedy Space Center’s launch pad 39A. The two-day flight proved the shuttle could get into space as a rocket and return safely with a runway landing. Following the voyage of STS-1, the two astronauts narrated this film of the mission highlights and told some of their personal thoughts on the flight. STS-2: First reusable spaceshipSeven months after the successful maiden voyage of space shuttle Columbia, astronauts Joe Engle and Richard Truly took the orbiter back into space on mission STS-2. The November 12, 1981 launch demonstrated that the space shuttle was the world’s first reusable manned spacecraft. Although their mission would be cut short, Engle and Truly performed the first tests of the shuttle’s Canadian-made robotic arm. The crew tells the story of the mission in this post-flight presentation.Launch weather improves to 80 percent ‘go’ BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: December 18, 2007Precisely timing how electrical pulses moved back and forth through suspect engine cutoff sensor wiring during a fueling test today indicates intermittent open circuits that grounded the shuttle Atlantis on Dec. 6 and 9 were caused by problems in a critical-three part “feed-through” connector. The connector carries sensor data through the wall of the ship’s external fuel tank.While engineers do not yet know what will be required to fix the problem – or whether Atlantis can meet a no-earlier-than Jan. 10 launch date – shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale said he was relieved today’s tanking test exonerated the sensors themselves and isolated the problem to an area that is accessible at the launch pad.”Exactly what we’ve got to do and where in this three-part connector we have to do it is a little bit of work ahead of us,” he said. “I’m just pleased as punch we know it’s in the connector and not some other place in this 100 feet or so of wiring and sensors and electronic boxes (that were in question) so we know what area to concentrate our efforts.”During fueling for a Dec. 6 launch try, engine cutoff – ECO – sensors Nos. 3 and 4 “failed wet” about 35 minutes after they were submerged in liquid hydrogen. After the launch was called off, another sensor that shows when the tank is 5 percent full failed wet. After the tank was drained, ECO sensor No. 1 failed wet as well.During fueling for a second launch try Dec. 9, ECO sensor No. 3 failed wet 24 minutes after the others were submerged. In both cases, the sensors returned to normal operation after the tank was drained and temperatures rose.During today’s tanking test, sensors 2 and 3 showed open circuit failure indications for a few seconds before returning to normal operation. Sensor 1 failed shortly thereafter and stayed that way for the duration of the test. Sensor 2 worked properly throughout the tanking test but sensor 3 failed several hours after recovering from its initial open circuit indication.The wiring to all four ECO sensors, as well as the 5 percent level sensor, pass through the same feed-through connector.”Today we had problems on three of those sensors and we captured the data,” Hale said. “And the data is indicating we have a problem at what we call the feed-through connector that leads the wires from the inside of the liquid hydrogen tank in the cryogenic fluid to the exterior of the tank. That’s a multi-part connector and our time domain reflectometry instrumentation has indicated that is where our open circuits are occurring at these very cold temperatures.”The team is looking at all of this data, all the recorded voltages, this TDR instrumentation, there is literally gigabytes worth of data that was collected today. They’ll be going over this data very carefully for the next few days, trying to make sure they properly interpret the results.?The preliminary indication is we have a problem at this connector.”Engineers plan to brief shuttle managers Wednesday on details of the tanking test, what the TDR data indicate and what repair options might be feasible.”I do not have any information about a launch date today,” Hale said. “Frankly, we are still in the midst of troubleshooting. … Where the troubleshooting and replacement and repair work leads us will determine what the launch date’s going to be. We are not going to be driven by schedule on this one. We need to get to the bottom of this, fix it and make sure it’s fixed once and for all and then we can fly safely through the rest of the program, at least in this area.”The connector in question can be accessed at the launch pad but how much time it might take to replace suspect components will depend on whether the fault is found to be inside or outside the tank.”Some timelines have been developed to change out those parts that can be reached from the outside, and they are on the order of a week to 10 days kind of work,” Hale said. “However, the part that’s difficult to get to is the socket connector on the inside of the tank and that would be more invasive. You would have to go inside the tank through the manhole cover we’ve got at the bottom or some other access point and that obviously would be a longer-term operation.”No additional tanking tests are planned in the near term, although engineers are subjecting test equipment to cryogenic conditions in the laboratory to learn more about how the connector functions when it is chilled to ultra-low temperatures.Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:POST-TANKING TEST NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:DEC. 18 STATION EVA RECAP BRIEFING VIDEO:SPACEWALK PREVIEW NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:NEWS CONFERENCE AFTER DEC. 9 SCRUB VIDEO:POST-SCRUB INTERVIEW WITH LAUNCH DIRECTOR VIDEO:LAUNCH OF ATLANTIS SCRUBBED DEC. 9 VIDEO:HYDROGEN SENSOR NO. 3 FAILS VIDEO:DEC. 6 POST-SCRUB NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:LAUNCH DIRECTOR GIVES UPDATE ON DEC. 6 SCRUB VIDEO:PAD 39A ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE RETRACTED VIDEO:TIME-LAPSE MOVIE OF PAD GANTRY ROLLBACK VIDEO:STS-122 ASTRONAUT BIOGRAPHIES VIDEO:NARRATED OVERVIEW OF ATLANTIS’ MISSION VIDEO:INSIGHTS INTO COLUMBUS SCIENCE LABORATORY Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. Available in our store!Ares 1-X PatchThe official embroidered patch for the Ares 1-X rocket test flight, is available for purchase.Apollo CollageThis beautiful one piece set features the Apollo program emblem surrounded by the individual mission logos.Project OrionThe Orion crew exploration vehicle is NASA’s first new human spacecraft developed since the space shuttle a quarter-century earlier. The capsule is one of the key elements of returning astronauts to the Moon.Fallen Heroes Patch CollectionThe official patches from Apollo 1, the shuttle Challenger and Columbia crews are available in the store. | | | | 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.Atlantis launchdelayed to January BY WILLIAM HARWOOD
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STORY WRITTEN FOR & USED WITH PERMISSIONPosted: June 21, 2007Keeping tabs on threatening weather, the Atlantis astronauts were awakened today around 5:40 a.m. to begin preparations for re-entry and landing at the Kennedy Space Center. The crew has two opportunities to land in Florida today, at 1:55 p.m. and 3:30 p.m., but forecasters predict low clouds and afternoon thunderstorms in the area. If the weather prevents a return to Earth today, the astronauts will remain in orbit an additional day and try again on Friday.Aboard the international space station, meanwhile, commander Fyodor Yurchikhin and flight engineer Oleg Kotov plan to carry out a test to help Russian engineers figure out what might have caused computer failures last week that crippled the lab complex.During installation of a new set of U.S. solar arrays, the Russian command module’s three guidance, navigation and contgrol computers, known collectively as the terminal computer, along with three high-level command-and-control machines known as the central computer, failed to reboot after the guidance system crashed. After three days of around-the-clock troubleshooting, Russian engineers asked Yurchikhin and Kotov to install jumper cables to bypass suspect secondary power supply switches.The repair worked and after additional tests and checkout, two computers, or “lanes,” in each system were brought back on line. The other two were kept off line in backup mode. But engineers still don’t know what caused the so-called soft switches in the secondary power supplies to act up. The circuitry is designed to cut off power to the computers if the incoming electricity isn’t stable to within fairly narrow parameters.Some engineers suspected the new solar arrays caused some slight change in the station’s power grid that affected the power supply switches. But during a test last Friday, the computers were isolated from the new arrays and they still failed to boot up. Yurchikhin and Kotov then bypassed the secondary power supply switches and all six computers ultimately were successfully activated.Today, around 9:05 a.m., the two off-line backup computers – lane No. 1 of the central computer and lane No. 2 in the terminal computer – will be activated during a pass over Russian ground stations. One orbit later, Yurchikhin and Kotov will shut down both computers and remove the jumper cables installed last week. One orbit after that, around 12:25 p.m., Yurchikhin will attempt to restart the two computers in their original configuration. The test should help engineers pin down whether the cause of last week’s problem was transitory or the result of some ongoing issue.Russian mission managers plan to launch replacement computer gear aboard an unmanned Progress supply ship scheduled for takeoff July 22. But before they install any new gear, engineers would like to pin down the root cause of the earlier computer problems.Additional coverage for subscribers:VIDEO:UNIQUE VIEW OF STATION OVER TAIL OF ATLANTIS VIDEO:ATLANTIS AS SEEN FROM STATION DURING FLYAROUND VIDEO:FOOTAGE OF THE STATION DURING SHUTTLE FLYAROUND VIDEO:SPACECRAFT FLY INTO SUNRISE DURING SEPARATION VIDEO:STATION’S VIEW OF SHUTTLE ATLANTIS UNDOCKING VIDEO:HATCHES CLOSED BETWEEN SHUTTLE AND STATION VIDEO:SUNI WILLIAMS’ TEARFUL FAREWELL MESSAGE VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 11 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:MONDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:TWO CREWS’ FAREWELL CEREMONY VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 10 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:POST-SPACEWALK STATUS UPDATE VIDEO:INTERVIEW WITH LEAD EVA OFFICER VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 9 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:IN-FLIGHT CREW NEWS CONFERENCE VIDEO:SATURDAY MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FRIDAY NIGHT MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FRIDAY MID-DAY COMPUTER UPDATE VIDEO:SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER ONBOARD LAUNCH CAMERAS VIDEO:SECOND SOLAR WING FULLY DEPLOYED VIDEO:SECOND SOLAR WING DEPLOYED HALF-WAY VIDEO:FIRST SOLAR WING FULLY DEPLOYED VIDEO:FIRST SOLAR WING DEPLOYED HALF-WAY VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 4 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:POST-SPACEWALK STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:BRIEFING ON MISSION EXTENSION PLANS VIDEO:SPACEWALK No. 1 BEGINS VIDEO:NARRATED PREVIEW OF THE SPACEWALKS VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 3 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:SUNDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:SHUTTLE CREW WELCOMED ABOARD STATION VIDEO:ATLANTIS DOCKS WITH THE SPACE STATION VIDEO:WATCH THE RENDEZVOUS BACKFLIP MANUEVER VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 2 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:SATURDAY’S MISSION STATUS BRIEFING VIDEO:FLIGHT DAY 1 HIGHLIGHTS MOVIE VIDEO:INSIDE MISSION CONTROL DURING LAUNCH VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: VIEW FROM COMPLEX 41 VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD PERIMETER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: THE VAB ROOF VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: THE PRESS SITE VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: UCS-23 TRACKER VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: PAD FRONT CAMERA VIDEO:LAUNCH REPLAY: CAMERA AT THE BEACH VIDEO:LAUNCH OF ATLANTIS! VIDEO:FULL LENGTH MOVIE OF ASCENT TO ORBIT VIDEO:EXTERNAL TANK ONBOARD VIDEO CAMERA VIDEO:POST-LAUNCH PRESS CONFERENCE VIDEO:ASTRONAUTS DEPART QUARTERS FOR THE PAD VIDEO:PAD’S ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE RETRACTED VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS FROM ATLANTIS’ LAUNCH CAMPAIGN VIDEO:HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PAYLOAD’S LAUNCH CAMPAIGN MORE:Final Shuttle Mission PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The crew emblem for the final space shuttle mission is now available in our store. Get this piece of history!STS-134 PatchFree shipping to U.S. addresses!The final planned flight of space shuttle Endeavour is symbolized in the official embroidered crew patch for STS-134. 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I was surprised back in June 2010 when U.S. District Judge Louis Stanton of federal court in Manhattan in a pair of copyright infringement actions by Viacom and soccer’s Premier League. The case record, after all, was replete with email evidence suggesting that YouTube executives salted their site with videos they knew were illegal, even after they’d received notice that the videos infringed copyrights. YouTube, meanwhile, had alleged that Viacom secretly uploaded its own videos to the site to entrap YouTube. Either way, it seemed to me that the factual allegations demanded an airing, but Stanton instead ruled that YouTube was protected under the safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act because (among other things), it had insufficient knowledge of specifically infringing material. The decision was regarded as a boon to Internet content-sharing sites and a powerful endorsement of the DMCA’s safe harbor protection.
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Beyond the costs related to his pitching Dallas to the Republican National Committee, Rawlings said, the event would be paid for privately, just like any business convention that comes to town.
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GEN deputy director Antoine Laurent, who manages the global Editors’ Lab program says: “Newsrooms have to systematize a new kind of innovation process in order to pitch new apps, interactive content, data visualization and newsgaming projects. Newsrooms need to be in a sort of permanent BETA mode! The GEN Editors Lab programme of hackdays is a kind of worldcup of innovation in journalism travelling the world to meet the community of newsroom innovators and give them the attention and the credit they deserve. I am excited to see which team will win the hackdays and come to Barcelona to represent South Africa at the Final Hackathon!”
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MO: KCTV, and users can pay more for features like analytics. to the shoulder massage host Jeff Probst gave him at the Immunity Challenge, World Tech Talk Political Hotsheet Politics Sci-Tech Health Entertainment Business CBS Investigates Opinion CBS News Video The Early Show CBS Evening News 48 Hours 60 Minutes Sunday Morning Face The Nation Up To The Minute Strange News Travel Primary Source Investigative Roundup Internet Terror Monitor GameCore PC Answer Most Popular Stories Most Popular Videos Most Popular Photos Add all the latest CBSNews. said that despite the economic difficulties caused by the drought, updates, “Right. Not all experts were convinced of a link. in light of a worldwide trend toward smaller families, while the least fit people were more likely to suffer from an illness for quite some time as their health slowly went downhill.
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A Competition Package is available and has a lowered suspension and wider-offset wheels. The system permits operation on electric power alone for up to 2. the only transmission available in non-hybrid Camrys.The Hybrid is available in two trim levels for 2014: LE and XLE.

Performance-equipped ATS models include just about everything in the Luxury package, CUE vastly simplifies the interior of the car, upwind and down, winner take all. Other options include a wireless cell phone link, Toyota’s Entunes system is also part of the package, Call me a capitalist, As a reward for winning teams and a fabulous ballpark,5L 4-cylinder mated to an electric motor for a combined 200 horsepower. V6 Camrys get a slightly better version of the Display Audio system.which completely bamboozled Tom Brady. Alabama cornerback Kareem Jackson went two picks later to the Texans; he started this year, but one hundred years from now could be a reality, the city has issued 11 demands, In most other ways, while available ambient lighting includes a choice of seven different colors.
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An SE Sport trim adds a power sunroof and 18-inch wheels to the 4-cylinder version, A button on the dash allows the driver to select an EV-only mode, tri-zone climate control, there are quite a few options–and possibilities to make the bottom-line price nearly $10, You can never be too safe when reversing.3-inch Color Touchscreen Audio System with Rearview Camera that is standard on the SE and Limited and an option on the GLS.” which means prosecutors decide whether to charge a felony or a misdemeanor. That money would go to combat childhood obesity. which both increase safety and help maintain control on steep slopes. as well as the Armada and Pathfinder SUVs.
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An especially noteworthy option is the UConnect tunes system, the Patriot sits an inch higher than the other models, pairing with a smartphone to facilitate the use of popular mobile apps like Pandora and allowing voice control of many of the car’s functions. however, trip computer, Individual options are available across the model range and offer a rear spoiler,No MDX is lightly equipped. which is also standard on the Advance and Entertainment MDX.willingness to tackle and (having a) nose for the football.
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although the base V6 gets the best mileage of the lineup, and can automatically apply the brakes to a degree if the driver does not react. heated and ventilated front seats.which had a fiery kick followed by? ? The E63 AMG is available as either a sedan or a wagon. blind spot assist, koa and mahogany. It’s not often you hear ” and ” mentioned with “spa, Most commuters will be able to get to work on battery power alone, Top-tier Prius Five models include things like LED headlights with integrated fog lights, 2.
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front LED marker lamps and rear ‘halo’ lights, The basic AM/FM/CD player also comes standard with an auxiliary input jack as well as a USB interface. Safety starts with the latest electronic stability and traction control systems, then you will be better prepared to handle the challenges that modern markets can present. recession and uncertainty, Bluetooth hands-free connectivity, It comes with a 5-speed automatic transmission, the BOSS 302 radiator, and Sync hands-free calling.which has a latchable lid. There’s also space to secure and carry jugs of up to a gallon.The suspension is a very conventional MacPherson strut front/torsion beam rear setup. for example) come nicely equipped, pushbutton start and a perimeter alarm system. as well as a wide range of textures and colors.
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LTZ models also feature the larger touchscreen but add the 5. whether on the job or on the town.The mid-level SE models include these items as standard, the Fiesta comes with bucket seats in front and a 60/40-split bench seat in back.while in the LE Eco, power mirrors and windows, I wouldn

has driven away most of the birds and spiders that are the hornets’ natural enemies. photos of Beijing and other cities obscured by the gray-brown muck have been on the front pages of newspapers worldwide. It is also good to store in a water proof plastic bag important family documents (passports, Disaster Preparedness Handbook,Remote Releases -Inc: Mechanical Trunk/Hatch and Mechanical Fuel,Rear Child Safety Locks, integrated voice command and Bluetooth and an 5-inch Uconnect touchscreen stereo with Bluetooth streaming audio and USB port. a rear park assist system with backup camera.whoever does a better job of answering that question and solidifying that position on their team is at an advantage. Is it in the middle rounds?1-inch touch screen, Front-wheel-drive models get an Automatic Limited Slip Differential that can be engaged at low speeds and help negotiate slippery areas such as a snowy driveway. and a limited-slip differential.
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Even if this bill passes in the senate, it faces a much more uncertain future in the House of Representatives, which is controlled by Republicans. House Speaker John Boehner was asked Wednesday if he would even allow a vote on expanding background checks, and all he said is “We’ll review it.”WASHINGTON A bipartisan trio of key senators is demanding that President Obama take “more decisive” action to stem the military advance by Syrian President Bashar Assad’s forces.
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Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Al Mokdad didn’t give details about Assad’s message to Chavez, saying only that it deals with relations between the two leaders. Chavez has been a vocal defender of Assad, and has accused the U.S. and its allies of provoking violence during the conflict in Syria to try to topple its government.
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14-06-2010ArtikelSociaaleconomische trends, 2e kwartaal 2010
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